{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T08:05:12Z","timestamp":1792137912048,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1722470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Brain Connectivity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Air pollution exposure has been associated with adverse cognitive and mental health outcomes in children, adolescents, and adults, although youth may be particularly susceptible given ongoing brain development. However, the neurodevelopmental mechanisms underlying the associations among air pollution, cognition, and mental health remain unclear. We examined the impact of particulate matter (PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) on resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) of the default mode network (DMN) and three key attention networks: dorsal attention, ventral attention, and cingulo-opercular.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Longitudinal changes in rsFC within\/between networks were assessed from baseline (9\u201310 years) to the 2-year follow-up (11\u201312 years) in 10,072 youth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M \u00b1 SD<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 9.93\u2009+\u20090.63 years; 49% female) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD\n                      <jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) study. Annual ambient PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations from the 2016 calendar year were estimated using hybrid ensemble spatiotemporal models. RsFC was estimated using functional neuroimaging. Linear mixed models were used to test associations between PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      and change in rsFC over time while adjusting for relevant covariates (e.g., age, sex, race\/ethnicity, parental education, and family income) and other air pollutants (O\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      , NO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00d7 time interaction was significant for within-network rsFC of the DMN such that higher PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      concentrations were associated with a smaller increase in rsFC over time. Further, significant PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u00d7 time interactions were observed for between-network rsFC of the DMN and all three attention networks, with varied directionality.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      PM\n                      <jats:sub>2.5<\/jats:sub>\n                      exposure was associated with alterations in the development and equilibrium of the DMN\u2014a network implicated in self-referential processing\u2014and anticorrelated attention networks, which may impact trajectories of cognitive and mental health symptoms across adolescence.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  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