{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:38:06Z","timestamp":1777682286439,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Following the 2001 bioterrorist attacks using letters containing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores, a number of sites had to be decontaminated. Source reduction\u2014the process of reducing biocontamination levels prior to the main decontamination treatment\u2014is a critical step in decontaminating buildings. Such activities include the removal of items from a facility either for off-site treatment and reuse or ultimate disposal, as well as the pretreatment of certain surfaces in the facility. In addition, waste disposal activities are initiated during the source reduction process and continued throughout the overall remediation process. This article presents the source reduction and waste disposal activities at the Department of State (DoS) Diplomatic Pouch and Mail Facility (SA-32) in Loudoun County, Virginia. At this facility, nearly all materials were removed before the fumigations with vaporized hydrogen peroxide. The materials that were removed from the site were divided into essential and nonessential items, and nonessential items were further categorized as recyclable or not recyclable. Removed materials were subjected to 5 different decontamination technologies, either before or after removal. The surfaces of large, fixed items and interior facility structures were pretreated and then fumigated. Environmental sampling was performed throughout the source reduction process for quality assurance purposes. The source reduction process lasted about 9 months and cost about $4.3 million. The overall remediation process took about 16 months and cost $8.6 million.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2009.0028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T09:57:08Z","timestamp":1280224628000},"page":"405-412","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Source Reduction in an Anthrax-Contaminated Mail Facility"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Dorothy A.","family":"Canter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorothy Canter Consulting LLC"},{"name":"Battelle Eastern Science and Technology Center"},{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Sgroi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorothy Canter Consulting LLC"},{"name":"Battelle Eastern Science and Technology Center"},{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurel","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorothy Canter Consulting LLC"},{"name":"Battelle Eastern Science and Technology Center"},{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlton J.","family":"Kempter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dorothy Canter Consulting LLC"},{"name":"Battelle Eastern Science and Technology Center"},{"name":"Environmental Protection Agency"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of State. Remedial Action Report for Fumigation of Department of State's Diplomatic Pouch and Mail Facility (SA-32) Sterling VA November 6 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents: Paraformaldehyde Memorandum dated February 14 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents: Ethylene oxide Memorandum dated July 3 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Consolidated Safety Services. Activities in Response to Contamination of SA-32 with Bacillus anthracis Final Report Contract SLMAQM-00-D-029 Delivery Order 002 Modification 003 prepared for U.S. Department of State August 16 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and Shaw Environmental & Infrastructure Inc. Final Report: Waste Removal and Facility Cleaning Department of State SA-32 Diplomatic Pouch and Mail Facility Sterling VA November 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticides: Topical and Chemical Fact Sheets: Anthrax spore decontamination using bleach (sodium hypochlorite) http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/pesticides\/factsheets\/chemicals\/bleachfactsheet.htm."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents: Sodium hypochlorite (bleach) Memorandum dated February 14 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation. Emergency exemption for transportation in commerce for disposal of solid materials contaminated with or suspected to be contaminated with anthrax bacteria or spores. DOT-E13045 June 28 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Transportation. Emergency exemption for transportation in commerce for disposal of small solid materials such as personal protective equipment and paper products contaminated with or suspected to be contaminated with anthrax bacteria or spores. DOT-E13042 (first revision) Memorandum dated July 3 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents: Spor-Klenz\u00ae Memorandum dated March 28 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"American National Standards Institute Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation International Organization for Standardization (ANSI\/AAMI\/ISO). ISO11135 International Standard for Sterilization of Medical Devices with Ethylene Oxide 1994."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","first-page":"338","volume-title":"Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation","author":"Joslyn JL","year":"2001","unstructured":"Joslyn JL. Gaseous chemical sterilization. Block SS. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation, 5th. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001; 338\u2013340.","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Federal On-Scene Coordinator's Report for the Capitol Hill Site Washington DC 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2005.3.119"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. FIFRA Crisis Exemption for Anthrax Incidents: Ethylene Oxide Memorandum dated October 3 2002."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. EPA's Suite of Disaster Debris Management and Disposal (DDMD) Decision Support Tools 2008. http:\/\/www2.ergweb.com\/bdrtool\/login.asp. 2009 November 15."}],"container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/bsp.2009.0028","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2009.0028","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2009.0028","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:42:23Z","timestamp":1777452143000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/bsp.2009.0028"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/bsp.2009.0028"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bsp.2009.0028","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-7135","1557-850X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-7135","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-850X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]}}}