{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:38:12Z","timestamp":1777682292285,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":125,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]],"date-time":"2009-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1259625600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The New World alphaviruses Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV), eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), and western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) pose a significant threat to human health as the etiological agents of serious viral encephalitis through natural infection as well as through their potential use as a biological weapon. At present, there is no FDA-approved medical treatment for infection with these viruses. The Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Joint Science and Technology Office for Chemical and Biological Defense (DTRA\/JSTO), is currently funding research aimed at developing antiviral drugs and vaccines against VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV. A review of antiviral drug discovery efforts for these viruses revealed significant gaps in the data, assays, and models required for successful drug development. This review provides a description of these gaps and highlights specific critical research areas for the development of a target-based drug discovery program for the VEEV, EEEV, and WEEV nonstructural proteins. These efforts will increase the probability of the successful development of a pharmaceutical intervention against these viral threat agents.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2009.0032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,7,27]],"date-time":"2010-07-27T09:57:08Z","timestamp":1280224628000},"page":"413-427","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Alphavirus Antiviral Drug Development: Scientific Gap Analysis and Prospective Research Areas"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Erin","family":"Reichert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Erin Reichert, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; Ada Bacetty, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager; and Joseph Larsen, PhD, is Senior S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; all are at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Amanda Clase, PhD, is a Scientist at Bull &amp; Associates, Fort Belvoir. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the policy of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency or the Department of Defense."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Clase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erin Reichert, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; Ada Bacetty, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager; and Joseph Larsen, PhD, is Senior S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; all are at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Amanda Clase, PhD, is a Scientist at Bull &amp; Associates, Fort Belvoir. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the policy of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency or the Department of Defense."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ada","family":"Bacetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erin Reichert, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; Ada Bacetty, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager; and Joseph Larsen, PhD, is Senior S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; all are at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Amanda Clase, PhD, is a Scientist at Bull &amp; Associates, Fort Belvoir. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the policy of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency or the Department of Defense."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Larsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erin Reichert, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; Ada Bacetty, PhD, is S&amp;T Manager; and Joseph Larsen, PhD, is Senior S&amp;T Manager, Biological Therapeutics; all are at the Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Amanda Clase, PhD, is a Scientist at Bull &amp; Associates, Fort Belvoir. The opinions or assertions contained herein are the private views of the authors and are not to be construed as reflecting the policy of the Defense Threat Reduction Agency or the Department of Defense."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","volume-title":"Biosafety in the Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories","author":"Richmond JY","year":"1994","unstructured":"Richmond JY, , McKinney RW. Biosafety in the Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 3rd. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 1994.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.77.6.521","article-title":"Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in man","volume":"77","author":"Casals J","year":"1943","unstructured":"Casals J, , Curnen E, , Thomas L. Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis in man. 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