{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:29:47Z","timestamp":1777681787403,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Consequence management following a release of aerosolized\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores requires a high level of technical understanding and direction. National policies and regulations address the topics of preparedness goals and organizational structure, but they do not tell responders how to perform remediation. Essential considerations include determining what must be cleaned, evaluating health risks, ascertaining the priority of cleanup, and selecting appropriate decontamination technologies to meet consensus and risk-derived clearance goals. This article highlights key features of a national-level framework that has been developed to guide a risk-based decision process and inform technical personnel of the best practices to follow during each activity leading to the restoration of functions at affected facilities or areas. The framework and associated guidance follows the scheme of 6 phases for response and recovery arrived at through interagency consensus and approval. Each phase is elaborated in a series of detailed decision flowcharts identifying key questions that must be addressed and answered from the time that first indications of a credible biological attack are received to final reoccupancy of affected areas and a return to normal daily functions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2011.0035","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T17:01:30Z","timestamp":1314896490000},"page":"271-279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The National Framework and Consequence Management Guidance Following a Biological Attack"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Raber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wilthea J.","family":"Hibbard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Greenwalt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security. National Preparedness Guidelines. September 2007. http:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/xlibrary\/assets\/National_Preparedness_Guidelines.pdf. 2011 March 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security. National Response Framework. January 2008. http:\/\/www.fema.gov\/emergency\/nrf\/. 2011 March 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","unstructured":"Federal Emergency Management Agency. Developing and Maintaining Emergency Operations Plans. Comprehensive Preparedness Guide 101version 2.0November 2010. www.fema.gov\/pdf\/about\/divisions\/npd\/CPG_101_V2.pdf- 2010-12-092011 March 20."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security. National Incident Management System. December 2008. http:\/\/www.fema.gov\/pdf\/emergency\/nims\/NIMS_core.pdf. 2011 March 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"Environmental Protection Agency. National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP) (40CFR300)RevisedJuly 2000. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/osweroe1\/lawsregs.htm#ncp. 2011 March 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security. Integrated Planning System. January 2009. http:\/\/www.hlswatch.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2009\/01\/dhs-integrated-planning-system-january-2009.pdf. 2011 March 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (Public Law 93-288) as amended 42 U.S.C. 5121 et seq. and related authorities. U.S.C. Title 42\u2014The Public Health and Welfare Chapter 68\u2014Disaster Relief. FEMA 592AmendedJune 2007. http:\/\/www.fema.gov\/about\/stafact.shtm. 2011 March 17."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1111\/0272-4332.00026","article-title":"Chemical and biological agent incident response and decision process for civilian and public sector facilities","volume":"22","author":"Raber E","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raber E, , Hirabayashi JM, , Mancieri SP et al. Chemical and biological agent incident response and decision process for civilian and public sector facilities. Risk Anal, 2002; 22,2:195\u2013202.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","volume-title":"IBRD Operational Decision Framework","author":"Greenwalt R","year":"2009","unstructured":"Greenwalt R, , Hibbard W, , Raber E et al. IBRD Operational Decision FrameworkLLNL-TR-462371Livermore CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","volume-title":"Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack: A Decision Making Framework","author":"National Research Council of the National Academies","year":"2005","unstructured":"National Research Council of the National Academies. Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack: A Decision Making Framework. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security and Environmental Protection Agency. Draft Planning Guidance for Recovery Following Biological Incidents. Biological Decontamination Standards Working Group Subcommittee on Decontamination Standards and Technology Committee on Homeland and National Security National Science and Technology Council May 2009 draft."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","volume-title":"Interim Consequence Management Guidance for a Wide-Area Biological Attack","author":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Interim Consequence Management Guidance for a Wide-Area Biological AttackUCRL-TR-484706Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","volume-title":"Summary of the Seattle Urban Area Consequence Management Guidance for a Wide-Area Biological Attack","author":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Summary of the Seattle Urban Area Consequence Management Guidance for a Wide-Area Biological AttackLLNL-TR-455571Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, September 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","unstructured":"Homeland Securities Institute. Wide-Area Biological Restoration Final Report; 2005. Prepared for the Department of Homeland Security Science and Technology Directorate Programs Plans and Requirements Biological Countermeasures Program"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120020047519","article-title":"Decontamination issues for chemical and biological warfare agents: how clean is clean enough?","volume":"11","author":"Raber E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raber E, , Jin A, , Noonan K, , McGuire R, , Kirvel RD. Decontamination issues for chemical and biological warfare agents: how clean is clean enough? Int J Environ Health Res, 2001; 11:128\u2013148.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","volume-title":"Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security","author":"Raber E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raber E, , Kirvel RD. Health risk assessment for radiological, chemical, and biological attacks. Voeller JG. Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"Government Accounting Office. Capitol Hill Anthrax Incident: EPA's Cleanup was Successful; Opportunities Exist to Enhance Contract Oversight Report to the Chairman Committee on Finance. U.S. SenateGAO-03-6862003."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","volume-title":"Technical Gap Analysis for Wide Area Biological Incidents","author":"Turtletaub K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turtletaub K, , Raber E. Outdoor biological agent risk analysis and assessment. Technical Gap Analysis for Wide Area Biological IncidentsUCRL-TR-401133Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","volume-title":"WMD Terrorism: Science and Policy Choices","author":"Raber E","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raber E, , Carlsen T, , Kirvel RD. Remediation following chemical and biological attacks. Maurer SM. WMD Terrorism: Science and Policy Choices. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009."}],"container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/bsp.2011.0035","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2011.0035","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2011.0035","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:41:01Z","timestamp":1777452061000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/bsp.2011.0035"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/bsp.2011.0035"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bsp.2011.0035","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-7135","1557-850X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-7135","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-850X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]}}}