{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T00:29:50Z","timestamp":1777681790963,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Recovering from a biological attack is a complex process requiring the successful resolution of numerous challenges. The Interagency Biological Restoration Demonstration program is one of the first multiagency efforts to develop strategies and tools that could be effective following a wide-area release of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores. Nevertheless, several key policy issues and associated science and technology issues still need to be addressed. For example, more refined risk assessment and management approaches are needed to help evaluate \u201ctrue\u201d public health risk. Once the risk is understood, that information can be considered along with the types of characterization activities deemed necessary to determine whether the cost and time of decontamination are actually warranted. This commentary offers 5 recommendations associated with decision making regarding decontamination and clearance options that should accompany a comprehensive risk analysis leading to more effective risk management decisions. It summarizes some of the most important technological gaps that still need to be addressed to help decision makers in their objective of reducing health risks to an acceptable level. The risk management approach described should enable decision makers to improve credibility and gain public acceptance, especially when an adequate science and technology base is available to support the required decisions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2011.0045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T17:01:30Z","timestamp":1314896490000},"page":"257-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Challenge of Determining the Need for Remediation Following a Wide-Area Biological Release"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ellen","family":"Raber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120020047519","article-title":"Decontamination issues for chemical and biological warfare agents: how clean is clean enough?","volume":"11","author":"Raber E","year":"2001","unstructured":"Raber E, , Jin A, , Noonan K, , McGuire R, , Kirvel RD. Decontamination issues for chemical and biological warfare agents: how clean is clean enough? Int J Environ Health Res, 2001; 11:128\u2013148.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1080\/09603120310001633886","article-title":"How clean is clean enough? Recent developments in response to threats posed by chemical and biological warfare agents","volume":"14","author":"Raber E","year":"2004","unstructured":"Raber E, , Carlsen T, , Folks K, , Kirvel R, , Daniels J, , Bogen K. How clean is clean enough? Recent developments in response to threats posed by chemical and biological warfare agents. Int J Environ Health Res, 2004; 14,1:31\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Health Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","volume-title":"WMD Terrorism: Science and Policy Choices","author":"Raber E","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raber E, , Carlsen T, , Kirvel RD. Remediation following chemical and biological attacks. Maurer SM. WMD Terrorism: Science and Policy Choices. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","volume-title":"Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security","author":"Raber E","year":"2008","unstructured":"Raber E, , Kirvel RD. Health risk assessment for radiological, chemical, and biological attacks. Voeller G. Wiley Handbook of Science and Technology for Homeland Security. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","volume-title":"Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack","author":"National Research Council of the National Academies","year":"2005","unstructured":"National Research Council of the National Academies. Reopening Public Facilities After a Biological Attack. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2005."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security. National Response Framework. January 2008. http:\/\/www.fema.gov\/emergency\/nrf\/. 2011 March 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Department of Homeland Security. National Incident Management System. December 2008. http:\/\/www.fema.gov\/pdf\/emergency\/nims\/NIMS_core.pdf. 2011 March 17."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","volume-title":"Interim Consequence Management Guidance for a Wide-Area Biological Attack","author":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory","year":"2010","unstructured":"Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Interim Consequence Management Guidance for a Wide-Area Biological AttackUCRL-TR-410218Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2010[official use only; content available to qualified requestors]"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"U.S. General Accounting Office. Capitol Hill anthrax incident EPA's cleanup was successfulOpportunities exist to enhance oversightJune 2003GAO Publication GAO-03-686."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.163.20.2527"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Emergency Preparedness and Response. http:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/agent\/anthrax\/faq\/. 2011 May 11."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.17.2236","article-title":"Anthrax as a biological weapon 2002: updated recommendations for management","volume":"287","author":"Inglesby TV","year":"2002","unstructured":"Inglesby TV, , O'Toole T, , Henderson DA. Anthrax as a biological weapon 2002: updated recommendations for management. JAMA, 2002; 287:2236\u20132252.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2010.0009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","volume-title":"Technical Gap Analysis for Wide Area Biological Incidents","author":"Turtletaub K","year":"2008","unstructured":"Turtletaub K, , Raber E. Outdoor biological agent risk analysis and assessment. Technical Gap Analysis for Wide Area Biological IncidentsUCRL-TR-401133Livermore, CA: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"For Asbestos Professionals. http:\/\/www.epa.gov\/asbestos\/pubs\/ndaac.html. 2011 May 23."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2009.0020"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1080\/15287390590912621","article-title":"Addressing residual risk issues at anthrax cleanups: how clean is safe?","volume":"68","author":"Canter DA","year":"2005","unstructured":"Canter DA. Addressing residual risk issues at anthrax cleanups: how clean is safe? 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