{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:28:53Z","timestamp":1787506133752,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The goal of this study was to investigate the willingness of Medical Reserve Corps (MRC) volunteers to participate in public health emergency\u2013related activities by assessing their attitudes and beliefs. MRC volunteers responded to an online survey organized around the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM). Respondents reported agreement with attitude\/belief statements representing perceived threat, perceived efficacy, and personal\/organizational preparedness in 4 scenarios: a weather-related disaster, a pandemic influenza emergency, a radiological (\u201cdirty bomb\u201d) emergency, and an inhalational anthrax bioterrorism emergency. Logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate predictors of volunteer response willingness. In 2 response contexts (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">if asked<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">regardless of severity<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), self-reported willingness to respond was higher among those with a high perceived\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">self-efficacy<\/jats:italic>\n                    than among those with low perceived\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">self-efficacy<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Analyses of the association between attitude\/belief statements and the EPPM profiles indicated that, under all 4 scenarios and with few exceptions, those with a perceived high threat\/high efficacy EPPM profile had statistically higher odds of agreement with the attitude\/belief statements than those with a perceived low threat\/low efficacy EPPM profile. The radiological emergency consistently received the lowest agreement rates for the attitude\/belief statements and response willingness across scenarios. The findings suggest that enrollment with an MRC unit is not automatically predictive of willingness to respond in these types of scenarios. While MRC volunteers' self-reported willingness to respond was found to differ across scenarios and among different attitude and belief statements, the identification of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">self-efficacy<\/jats:italic>\n                    as the primary predictor of willingness to respond\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">regardless of severity<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">if asked<\/jats:italic>\n                    highlights the critical role of efficacy in an organized volunteer response context.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2012.0047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]],"date-time":"2013-03-11T09:23:56Z","timestamp":1362993836000},"page":"29-40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Assessment of Medical Reserve Corps Volunteers' Emergency Response Willingness Using a Threat- and Efficacy-Based Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Nicole A.","family":"Errett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Barnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol B.","family":"Thompson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Tosatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brad","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Schaffzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie L.","family":"Semon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ran D.","family":"Balicer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan M.","family":"Links","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"Getting Started: Facts About the Medical Reserve Corps. Office of the Civilian Volunteer Medical Reserve Corps website. April 6 2009. http:\/\/www.medicalreservecorps.gov\/TASeries\/GettingStarted\/Facts. 2011 October 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"About the Medical Reserve Corps. Office of the Civilian Volunteer Medical Reserve Corps website. January 22 2010. http:\/\/www.medicalreservecorps.gov\/About. 2011 October 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Homepage. Office of the Civilian Volunteer Medical Reserve Corps website. 2011. http:\/\/www.medicalreservecorps.gov\/HomePage. 2011 October 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2008.1113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.1993.tb01321.x","article-title":"Agency communication, community outrage, and perception of risk: three simulation experiments","volume":"13","author":"Sandman PM","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sandman PM, , Miller PM, , Johnson BB et al. Agency communication, community outrage, and perception of risk: three simulation experiments. Risk Anal, 1998; 13:585\u2013598.","journal-title":"Risk Anal"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-6-99"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006365"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9856","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0009856","article-title":"Gauging U.S. emergency medical services workers' willingness to respond to pandemic influenza using a threat- and efficacy-based assessment framework","volume":"5","author":"Barnett DJ","year":"2010","unstructured":"Barnett DJ, , Levine R, , Thompson CB et al. Gauging U.S. emergency medical services workers' willingness to respond to pandemic influenza using a threat- and efficacy-based assessment framework. PLoS One, 2010; 5,3:e9856.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-164"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-10-436"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637759209376276"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1177\/109019810002700506","article-title":"A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns","volume":"27","author":"Witte K","year":"2000","unstructured":"Witte K, , Allen M. A meta-analysis of fear appeals: implications for effective public health campaigns. Health Educ Behav, 2000; 27,5:608\u2013632.","journal-title":"Health Educ Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Office of the Civilian Volunteer Medical Reserve Corps. Medical Reserve Corps Units and H1N1 Influenza Related Activities. 2009. http:\/\/www.medicalreservecorps.gov\/file\/SwineFlu\/MRC_Units_H1N1_Flu_Activities.pdf. 2011 October 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0887-378X.2004.00317.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"1653","article-title":"Understanding radiological and nuclear terrorism as public health threats: preparedness and response perspectives","volume":"47","author":"Barnett DJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barnett DJ, , Parker CL, , Blodgett DW et al. Understanding radiological and nuclear terrorism as public health threats: preparedness and response perspectives. J Nucl Med, 2006; 47:1653\u20131661.","journal-title":"J Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2004.2.195"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420083620","volume-title":"Radiation Threats and Your Safety. A Guide to Preparation and Response for Professionals and Community","author":"Ansari A","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ansari A. Radiation Threats and Your Safety. A Guide to Preparation and Response for Professionals and Community. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","unstructured":"Radiation Emergencies Information for Media and Communication Professionals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. http:\/\/emergency.cdc.gov\/radiation\/media.asp. 2011 October 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Radiological Dispersion Device (RDD). Ready.gov website. http:\/\/www.ready.gov\/radiological-dispersion-device-rdd. 2012 November 16."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","unstructured":"Conference of Radiation Control Program Directors. Report on the CDC-CRCPD Roundtable on Communication and Teamwork: Key to Successful Radiological Response. December 30 2008. http:\/\/www.crcpd.org\/Pubs\/CDC\/ReportOnCDC-CRCPD_RoundtableOnCommunicationAndTeamwork.pdf. 2011 October 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1001\/dmp.2011.77","article-title":"Health care workers' ability and willingness to report to work during public health emergencies","volume":"5","author":"Stergachis A","year":"2011","unstructured":"Stergachis A, , Garberson L, , Lien O et al. Health care workers' ability and willingness to report to work during public health emergencies. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2011; 5:300\u2013308.","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Population Behaviors in Dirty Bomb Attack Scenarios: A Survey of the National Capital Region. University of Virginia Center for Survey Research. April 2010. http:\/\/www.vaemergency.com\/library\/behavior_study\/VDEM%20Report.v2.pdf. 2010 July 11."}],"container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0047","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0047","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:41:29Z","timestamp":1777452089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/bsp.2012.0047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0047","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-7135","1557-850X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-7135","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-850X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}}}