{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T06:09:13Z","timestamp":1791266953280,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,24]],"date-time":"2013-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,24]],"date-time":"2013-08-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1377302400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Botulism is a neuroparalytic disease that can occur in all warm-blooded animals, birds, and fishes. The disease in animals is mainly caused by toxins produced by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains belonging to group III, although outbreaks due to toxins produced by group I and II organisms have been recognized. Group III strains are capable of producing botulinum toxins of type C, D, and C\/D and D\/C mosaic variants. Definitive diagnosis of animal botulism is made by combining clinical findings with laboratory investigations. Detection of toxins in clinical specimens and feed is the gold standard for laboratory diagnosis. Since toxins may be degraded by organisms contained in the gastrointestinal tract or may be present at levels below the detection limit, the recovery of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    from sick animal specimens is consistent for laboratory confirmation. In this article we report the development and in-house validation of a new multiplex real-time PCR for detecting and typing the neurotoxin genes found in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    group III organisms. Validation procedures have been carried out according to ISO 16140, using strains and samples recovered from cases of animal botulism in Italy and France.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2012.0084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,24]],"date-time":"2013-08-24T10:54:12Z","timestamp":1377341652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detecting and Typing\n                    <i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>\n                    Group III Organisms and Their Mosaic Variants"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Anniballi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Auricchio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9dric","family":"Woudstra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonsina","family":"Fiore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Skarin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Bano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Segerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rickard","family":"Knutsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dario","family":"De Medici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Clostridium botulinum: Ecology and Control in Food","author":"Hatheway CL","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hatheway CL. Clostridium botulinum and other clostridia that produce botulinum neurotoxins. Hauschild AHW, , Dodds KL. Clostridium botulinum: Ecology and Control in Food. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc., 1992; 3\u201320."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2911(09)05503-9","article-title":"Biology and genetic analysis of Clostridium botulinum","volume":"75","author":"Peck MW","year":"2009","unstructured":"Peck MW. Biology and genetic analysis of Clostridium botulinum. Adv Microb Physiol, 2009; 75:183\u2013265320.","journal-title":"Adv Microb Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107689108400516"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","first-page":"27","volume-title":"Clostridia in Medical, Veterinary and Food Microbiology\u2014Diagnosis and Typing","author":"Deprez PR","year":"2006","unstructured":"Deprez PR. Tetanus and botulism in animals. Mainil J. Clostridia in Medical, Veterinary and Food Microbiology\u2014Diagnosis and Typing. Luxembourg: European Commission, 2006; 27\u201336."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444507"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1637\/7347-022305R1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.68.325","article-title":"Protective effect of botulinum C\/D mosaic toxoid against avian botulism","volume":"68","author":"Takeda M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Takeda M, , Kasai H, , Torii Y et al. Protective effect of botulinum C\/D mosaic toxoid against avian botulism. J Vet Med Sci, 2006; 68:325\u2013330.","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.07.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2011.07.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390802544405"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/104063871002200201"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.10.4718-4725.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2010.06.024","article-title":"Fur animal botulism hazard due to feed","volume":"90","author":"Myllykoski J","year":"2011","unstructured":"Myllykoski J, , Lindstr\u00f6m M, , Bekema E, , P\u00f6l\u00f6ne I, , Korkeala H. Fur animal botulism hazard due to feed. Res Vet Sci, 2011; 90:412\u2013418.","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","first-page":"422","volume-title":"Waterbirds Around the World","author":"Rocke TE","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rocke TE. The global importance of avian botulism. Boere GC, , Galbraith CA, , Stroud DA. Waterbirds Around the World. Edinburgh: Stationery Office, 2006; 422\u2013426."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2307\/1589166","article-title":"An outbreak of type C botulism in broiler chickens","volume":"17","author":"Roberts TA","year":"1973","unstructured":"Roberts TA, , Collings DF. An outbreak of type C botulism in broiler chickens. Avian Dis, 1973; 17:650\u2013658.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.3.327","article-title":"An outbreak of type C botulism in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) in southern Sweden","volume":"43","author":"Neimans A","year":"2007","unstructured":"Neimans A, , Gavier-Wid\u00e9n D, , Leighton F, , Bollinger T, , Rocke T, , M\u00f6rner T. An outbreak of type C botulism in herring gulls (Larus argentatus) in southern Sweden. J Wild Dis, 2007; 43:327\u2013336.","journal-title":"J Wild Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.2307\/1590044","article-title":"Case of type C botulism in broiler chickens","volume":"26","author":"Dohms JE","year":"1981","unstructured":"Dohms JE, , Allen PH, , Rosenberger JK. Case of type C botulism in broiler chickens. Avian Dis, 1981; 26:204\u2013210.","journal-title":"Avian Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669a","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.d1090","article-title":"Outbreak of type C botulism in laying hens","volume":"168","author":"Sharpe AE","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sharpe AE, , Sharpe EJ, , Ryan ED, , Clarke HJ, , McGettrick SA. Outbreak of type C botulism in laying hens. Vet Rec, 2011; 168:669a.","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1217","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638711425577","article-title":"The pathology associated with visceral toxicosis of catfish","volume":"6","author":"Khoo LH","year":"2011","unstructured":"Khoo LH, , Goodwin AE, , Wise GJ et al. The pathology associated with visceral toxicosis of catfish. J Vet Diagn Invest, 2011; 6:1217\u20131221.","journal-title":"J Vet Diagn Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","article-title":"Abstracts of reports of botulism in animals over the last decade written by participants of the Animal Botulism Workshop","author":"AniBioThreat","year":"2012","unstructured":"AniBioThreat. Animal Botulism in Europe: Current Status of an Emerging Disease Abstracts of reports of botulism in animals over the last decade written by participants of the Animal Botulism WorkshopReport No. 17. Uppsala;2012.","journal-title":"Animal Botulism in Europe: Current Status of an Emerging Disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.8.1059","article-title":"Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon","volume":"285","author":"Arnon SS","year":"2001","unstructured":"Arnon SS, , Schechter R, , Inglesby TV et al. Botulinum toxin as a biological weapon. JAMA, 2001; 285:1059\u20131070.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1097\/DMP.0b013e318158c5fd","article-title":"Botulism: cause, effects, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory identification, and treatment modalities","volume":"1","author":"Dembek ZF","year":"2007","unstructured":"Dembek ZF, , Smith LA, , Rusnak JM. Botulism: cause, effects, diagnosis, clinical and laboratory identification, and treatment modalities. Disaster Med Public Health Prep, 2007; 1:122\u2013134.","journal-title":"Disaster Med Public Health Prep"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2010.04.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.07568-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","unstructured":"ISO 16140;2003. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs \u2013 Protocol for the validation of alternative methods. ISO website 2003. http:\/\/www.iso.org\/iso\/iso_catalogue\/catalogue_tc\/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=30158. 2013 June 19."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygeno.2006.07.011","article-title":"Multiplex locked nucleic acid probes for analysis of hepatitis B virus mutants using real-time PCR","volume":"89","author":"Sun Z","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sun Z, , Zhou L, , Zeng H, , Chen Z, , Zhu H. Multiplex locked nucleic acid probes for analysis of hepatitis B virus mutants using real-time PCR. Genomics, 2007; 89:151\u2013159.","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-64.2.201","article-title":"Screening for Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and E in cooked chilled foods containing vegetable and raw material using polymerase chain reaction and molecular probes","volume":"64","author":"Braconnier A","year":"2001","unstructured":"Braconnier A, , Broussolle V, , Perelle S, , Fach P, , Nguyen-The C, , Carlin F. Screening for Clostridium botulinum type A, B, and E in cooked chilled foods containing vegetable and raw material using polymerase chain reaction and molecular probes. J Food Prot, 2001; 64:201\u2013207.","journal-title":"J Food Prot"}],"container-title":["Biosecurity and Bioterrorism: Biodefense Strategy, Practice, and Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0084","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0084","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0084","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:41:33Z","timestamp":1777452093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0084"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/bsp.2012.0084"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/bsp.2012.0084","relation":{},"ISSN":["1538-7135","1557-850X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1538-7135","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-850X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,24]]}}}