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Mutated hungtingtin, although widely expressed in the brain, predominantly affects striato-pallidal neurons, particularly enriched with adenosine A\n                    <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                    receptors (A\n                    <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                    R), suggesting a possible involvement of adenosine and A\n                    <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                    R is the pathogenesis of HD. In fact, polymorphic variation in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ADORA2A<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene influences the age at onset in HD, and A\n                    <jats:sub>2A<\/jats:sub>\n                    R dynamics is altered by mutated huntingtin. Basal levels of adenosine and adenosine receptors are involved in many processes critical for neuronal function and homeostasis, including modulation of synaptic activity and excitotoxicity, the control of neurotrophin levels and functions, and the regulation of protein degradation mechanisms. In the present review, we critically analyze the current literature involving the effect of altered adenosine tone and adenosine receptors in HD and discuss why therapeutics that modulate the adenosine system may represent a novel approach for the treatment of HD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/caff.2018.0006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T14:42:38Z","timestamp":1526481758000},"page":"43-58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["The Role of Adenosine Tone and Adenosine Receptors in Huntington's Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Blum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijuang","family":"Chern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Rosaria","family":"Domenici","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc","family":"Bu\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lille","place":["France"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Sciences","place":["Taiwan"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Rea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergi","family":"Ferr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrizia","family":"Popoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Drug Research and Evaluation","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70245-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13413"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199805000-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5402","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.13-12-05402.1993","article-title":"The striopallidal neuron: A main locus for adenosine-dopamine interactions in the brain","volume":"13","author":"Ferr\u00e9 S","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ferr\u00e9 S, , O'Connor WT, , Fuxe K, , Ungerstedt U. 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