{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:02:00Z","timestamp":1787900520698,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]],"date-time":"2017-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1483228800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) include Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      preparations have beneficial effects for IBD patients. However,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts contain hundreds of compounds. Although there is much knowledge of the activity of different cannabinoids and their receptor agonists or antagonists, the cytotoxic and anti-inflammatory activity of whole\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts has never been characterized in detail with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      colon models.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Material and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The anti-inflammatory activity of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      extracts was studied on three lines of epithelial cells and on colon tissue.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      flowers were extracted with ethanol, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the level of interleukin-8 in colon cells and tissue biopsies, chemical analysis was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance and gene expression was determined by quantitative real-time PCR.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts derives from D9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) present in fraction 7 (F7) of the extract. However, all fractions of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      at a certain combination of concentrations have a significant increased cytotoxic activity. GPR55 receptor antagonist significantly reduces the anti-inflammatory activity of F7, whereas cannabinoid type 2 receptor antagonist significantly increases HCT116 cell proliferation. Also, cannabidiol (CBD) shows dose dependent cytotoxic activity, whereas anti-inflammatory activity was found only for the low concentration of CBD, and in a bell-shaped rather than dose-dependent manner. Activity of the extract and active fraction was verified on colon tissues taken from IBD patients, and was shown to suppress cyclooxygenase-2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COX2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) and metalloproteinase-9 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">MMP9<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) gene expression in both cell culture and colon tissue.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      It is suggested that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cannabis extracts on colon epithelial cells derives from a fraction of the extract that contains THCA, and is mediated, at least partially, via GPR55 receptor. The cytotoxic activity of the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract was increased by combining all fractions at a certain combination of concentrations and was partially affected by CB2 receptor antagonist that increased cell proliferation. It is suggested that in a nonpsychoactive treatment for IBD, THCA should be used rather than CBD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2017.0027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,7,24]],"date-time":"2017-07-24T14:14:55Z","timestamp":1500905695000},"page":"167-182","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Anti-Inflammatory Activity in Colon Models Is Derived from \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid That Interacts with Additional Compounds in\n                    <i>Cannabis<\/i>\n                    Extracts"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Rameshprabu","family":"Nallathambi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Volcani Center","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moran","family":"Mazuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Volcani 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