{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:01:09Z","timestamp":1787317269190,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]],"date-time":"2022-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648771200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Over-the-counter cannabidiol (CBD) products have seen unprecedented recent growth in the United Kingdom. However, analysis of these predominantly unregulated products from other countries tells us that they are often mislabeled or contain unlabeled and potentially dangerous chemicals. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze CBD oils available in the United Kingdom.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phytocannabinoids, residual solvent, and heavy metals were measured blinded in 29 widely available CBD products by an independent testing facility using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection for cannabinoids, Headspace-gas chromatography-flame ionization detector and gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry for residual solvents, and inductively coupled plasma\u2013mass spectrometry for heavy metals.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean advertised CBD content was 4.5%, and the actual mean measured CBD content of products was 3.2% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.053, Mann\u2013Whitney test). Only 11\/29 (38%) products were within 10% of the advertised CBD content. Fifty five percent of products had measurable levels of the controlled substances \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -tetrahydrocannabinol (mean content 0.04%) or cannabinol (mean content 0.01%), as well as most other phytocannabinoid compounds including cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), cannabidivarin (CBDV), and cannabidivarin acid (CBDVA). Detectable levels of N-pentane, ethanol, isopropanol, heptane, lead, and arsenic were found in many of the CBD products, but these were within acceptable levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As demonstrated in other countries, the quality of over-the-counter CBD products in the United Kingdom can be substandard, particularly with regard to CBD content, and often contains levels of controlled substances. We recommend that these products be more strictly regulated for consumer welfare.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T14:40:46Z","timestamp":1585752046000},"page":"207-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["An Analysis of Over-the-Counter Cannabidiol Products in the United Kingdom"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Jonathan Paul","family":"Liebling","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicinal Cannabis, London, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Cannabis Patient Advocacy &amp; Support Services, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas James","family":"Clarkson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhytoVista Laboratories Ltd., Frome, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Blair William","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicinal Cannabis, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew Stephen","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicinal Cannabis, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saoirse Elizabeth","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Medicinal Cannabis, London, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Division of Medical Sciences &amp; Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, Royal Derby Hospital Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0377-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.apha.2017.03.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2018.00487"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41401-018-0031-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11909"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489287"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"Quality traits of \u201cCannabidiol Oils\u201d: cannabinoids content, terpene fingerprint and oxidation stability of European commercially available preparations","author":"Pavlovic R","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pavlovic R, , Nenna G, , Calvi L, et al. Quality traits of \u201cCannabidiol Oils\u201d: cannabinoids content, terpene fingerprint and oxidation stability of European commercially available preparations. Molecules. 2018; 23.","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2018.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6720a5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.14038"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.01365"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.214"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-016-4378-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12426"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2018.07.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-019-0148-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12120"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgu205"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.05.028"}],"container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/can.2019.0078","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2019.0078","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2019.0078","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:11:16Z","timestamp":1777385476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/can.2019.0078"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/can.2019.0078"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2019.0078","relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-5125","2378-8763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,1]]}}}