{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T18:12:40Z","timestamp":1790187160249,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To synthesize the best evidence surrounding the efficacy of cannabinoids for acute pain in the clinical setting based on subjective pain scores and observed adverse effects.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Systematic review with meta-analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Sources:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Databases, and Google Scholar.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Eligibility Criteria:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>English-language randomized-controlled clinical trials comparing cannabinoids with placebo in patients with acute pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Extraction and Synthesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. All stages were conducted independently by a team of three reviewers. Data were pooled through meta-analysis and stratified by route of administration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Primary Outcomes and Measures:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patient-reported pain and adverse events (AEs).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six trials (678 participants) were included examining oral (5 trials) and intramuscular (1 trial) cannabinoids. Overall, there was a small but statistically significant treatment effect favoring the use of cannabinoids over placebo (\u22120.90, 95% confidence interval [CI] \u22121.69 to \u22120.1,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =65%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.03). When stratified by route of administration, intramuscular cannabinoids were found to have a significant reduction in pain relative to placebo (\u22122.98, 95% CI \u22124.09 to \u22121.87,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =0%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.0001). No difference in effect was observed between oral cannabinoids and placebo (\u22120.21, 95% CI \u22120.64 to 0.22,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">i<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      =3%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.34). Serious AEs were rare, and similar across the cannabinoid (14\/374, 3.7%) and placebo groups (8\/304, 2.6%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is low-quality evidence indicating that cannabinoids may be a safe alternative for a small but significant reduction in subjective pain score when treating acute pain, with intramuscular administration resulting in a greater reduction relative to oral. Higher quality, long-term randomized-controlled trials examining whether there may be a role for cannabinoids in treating acute pain are required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,10]],"date-time":"2020-03-10T17:34:17Z","timestamp":1583861657000},"page":"290-297","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Cannabinoids in the Management of Acute Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"5","author":[{"given":"Aaron","family":"Gazendam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Evidence-Based Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas","family":"Nucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northern Ontario School of Medicine, Lakehead University, Thunder Bay, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. DeGroote School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassaan","family":"Abdel Khalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Michael G. 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