{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:43:01Z","timestamp":1777480981322,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is well known to stimulate proliferation of blood stem\/progenitor cells of the leukocyte lineage, but is also recognized as a neurotrophic factor involved in brain self-repair processes. G-CSF administration has been shown to promote recovery from experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and to modulate components of the endocannabinoid system (eCS). Conversely, \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\n                      <jats:sup>\u03949<\/jats:sup>\n                      THC) treatment of normal mice has been shown to increase blood levels of G-CSF in the periphery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Administration of the phytocannabinoid\n                      <jats:sup>\u03949<\/jats:sup>\n                      THC will enhance brain repair following controlled cortical impact (CCI) by upregulating G-CSF and other neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] and glial-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF]) in brain regions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>C57BL\/6J mice underwent CCI and were treated for 3 days with THC 3\u2009mg\/kg intraperitoneally. Motor function on a rotarod was recorded at baseline and 3, 7, and 14 days after CCI. Groups of mice were euthanized at 7 and 14 days. G-CSF, BDNF, and GDNF expression were measured at 7 and 14 days in cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus on the side of the trauma.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:sup>\u03949<\/jats:sup>\n                      THC-treated mice ran on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice and recovered to normal rotarod performance levels at 2 weeks. These mice, compared to vehicle-treated animals, exhibited significant upregulation of G-CSF as well as BDNF and GDNF in cerebral cortex, striatum, and hippocampus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Administration of the phytocannabinoid\n                      <jats:sup>\u03949<\/jats:sup>\n                      THC promotes significant recovery from TBI and is associated with upregulation of brain G-CSF, BDNF, and GDNF, neurotrophic factors previously shown to mediate brain self-repair following TBI and stroke.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,1]],"date-time":"2021-03-01T10:57:57Z","timestamp":1614596277000},"page":"415-423","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Recovery from Traumatic Brain Injury Following Treatment with \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol Is Associated with Increased Expression of Granulocyte-Colony Stimulating Factor and Other Neurotrophic Factors"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shijie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"James Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bangmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Haley VA Medical Center, Tampa, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sanchez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1602\/neurorx.2.3.410"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance report of traumatic brain injury related emergency department visits hospitalization and deaths. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: Atlanta GA 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23714"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/RNN-150607"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/205878"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02785-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000057814.70180.17"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0374-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","article-title":"Review of the endocannabinoid system","author":"Lu H-C","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lu H-C, , Mackie K. Review of the endocannabinoid system. 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