{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:43:05Z","timestamp":1777480985649,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis & Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"\n Hypothesis:<\/jats:title>\n \n Administration of the phytocannabinoid \u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -tetrahydrocannabinol (\u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -THC) will enhance brain repair and improve short-term spatial working memory in mice following controlled cortical impact (CCI) by upregulating granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and other neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF], glial-derived neurotrophic factor [GDNF]) in hippocampus (HP), cerebral cortex, and striatum.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n C57BL\/6J mice underwent CCI and were treated for 3 days with \u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -THC 3\u2009mg\/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.). Short-term working memory was determined using the spontaneous alternations test during exploratory behavior in a Y-maze. Locomotor function was measured as latency to fall from a rotating drum (rotometry). These behaviors were recorded at baseline and 3, 7, and 14 days after CCI. Groups of mice were euthanized at 7 and 14 days. Extent of microgliosis, astrocytosis, and G-CSF, BDNF, and GDNF expression were measured at 7 and 14 days in cerebral cortex, striatum, and HP on the side of the trauma. Levels of the most abundant endocannabinoid (2-arachidonoyl-glycerol [2-AG]) was also measured at these times.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n \u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -THC-treated mice exhibited marked improvement in performance on the Y-maze indicating that treatment with the phytocannabinoid could reverse the deficit in working memory caused by the CCI. \u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -THC-treated mice ran on the rotarod longer than vehicle-treated mice and recovered to normal rotarod performance levels at 2 weeks. \u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -THC-treated mice, compared with vehicle-treated animals, exhibited significant upregulation of G-CSF as well as BDNF and GDNF in the cerebral cortex, striatum, and HP. Levels of 2-AG were also increased in the \u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -THC-treated mice.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Administration of the phytocannabinoid \u0394\n 9<\/jats:sup>\n -THC promotes significant functional recovery from traumatic brain injury (TBI) in the realms of working memory and locomotor function. This beneficial effect is associated with upregulation of brain 2-AG, G-CSF, BDNF, and GDNF. The latter three neurotrophic factors have been previously shown to mediate brain self-repair following TBI and stroke.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,8]],"date-time":"2021-11-08T11:31:42Z","timestamp":1636371102000},"page":"424-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Administration of \u0394\n 9<\/sup>\n -Tetrahydrocannabinol Following Controlled Cortical Impact Restores Hippocampal-Dependent Working Memory and Locomotor Function"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0219-3841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijie","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"James Haley VA Medical Center and University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyuan","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Haley VA Medical Center and University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bangmei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"James Haley VA Medical Center and University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Sanchez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0374-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2020.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01343.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00069"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35097089"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2005.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0284-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0090"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","first-page":"e0128782","article-title":"Changes in cannabinoid receptors, aquaporin 4 and vimentin expression after traumatic brain injury in adolescent male mice","volume":"10","author":"Lopez-Rodriguez AB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lopez-Rodriguez AB, , Acaz-Fonseca E, , Viveros MP, et al. 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