{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:43:50Z","timestamp":1792172630734,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The endocannabinoid (eCB) system plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis, including the regulation of metabolism and stress responses. Chronic stress may blunt eCB signaling, and disruptions in eCB signaling have been linked to stress-related psychiatric disorders and physical health conditions, including anxiety, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), diabetes, and obesity. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological behavioral interventions (e.g., exercise) that target the eCB system may be promising therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of stress-related diseases. In this study, we perform a systematic review and the first meta-analysis to examine the impact of exercise on circulating eCB concentrations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a review of the MEDLINE (PubMed) database for original articles examining the impact of exercise on eCBs in humans and animal models. A total of 262 articles were screened for initial inclusion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty-three articles (reporting on 57 samples) were included in the systematic review and 10 were included in the meta-analysis. The majority of samples that measured anandamide (AEA) showed a significant increase in AEA concentrations following acute exercise (74.4%), whereas effects on 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) were inconsistent. The meta-analysis, however, revealed a consistent increase in both AEA and 2-AG following acute exercise across modalities (e.g., running, cycling), species (e.g., humans, mice), and in those with and without pre-existing health conditions (e.g., PTSD, depression). There was substantial heterogeneity in the magnitude of the effect across studies, which may relate to exercise intensity, physical fitness, timing of measurement, and\/or fasted state. Effects of chronic exercise were inconsistent.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Potential interpretations and implications of exercise-induced mobilization of eCBs are discussed, including refilling of energy stores and mediating analgesic and mood elevating effects of exercise. We also offer recommendations for future work and discuss therapeutic implications for exercise in the prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2021.0113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,6]],"date-time":"2021-12-06T11:34:02Z","timestamp":1638790442000},"page":"388-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":75,"title":["A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Effects of Exercise on the Endocannabinoid System"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"7","author":[{"given":"Shreya","family":"Desai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Breanna","family":"Borg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5890-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carrie","family":"Cuttler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin M.","family":"Crombie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"Rabinak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Practice and Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."},{"name":"Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew N.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0771-6795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary A.","family":"Marusak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."},{"name":"Merrill Palmer Skillman Institute for Child and Family Development, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2014.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0313-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2020.00125"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19030833"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2012.09.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0703472104"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399409000957"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","first-page":"294","article-title":"Cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system: their signaling and roles in disease","volume":"10","author":"Kendall DA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kendall DA, , Yudowski GA. Cannabinoid receptors in the central nervous system: their signaling and roles in disease. Front Cell Neurosci. 2016; 10:294.","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00563.1991"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marsicano G Kuner R. Anatomical distribution of receptors ligands and enzymes in the brain and in the spinal cord: circuitries and neurochemistry. In: K\u00f6falvi A (ed.) Cannabinoids and the Brain. Boston MA: Springer 2008 pp. 161\u2013201.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-74349-3_10"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00391.2010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01673.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2020.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2008.01683.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890510037419"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.162"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124221"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-113011-143739"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236079"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","author":"Mayo LM","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mayo LM, , Rabinak CA, , Hill MN, et al. Targeting the endocannabinoid system in the treatment of PTSD: a promising case of preclinical-clinical translation? Biol Psychiatry. 2021. [Epub ahead of print]; DOI: 10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.07.019.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2019.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.03916.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2012.06.063"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05499-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-198502000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-2-977"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105173"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22253"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-012-2495-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hipo.20647"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1478-811X-8-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2010.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.10.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.130"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2020.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_39_2","author":"Forteza F","year":"2021","unstructured":"Forteza F, , Giorgini G, , Raymond F. Neurobiological processes induced by aerobic exercise through the endocannabinoidome. Cells. 2021;10;938.","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_40_2","first-page":"45","article-title":"Restricted vs","volume":"86","author":"Biedermann SV","year":"2016","unstructured":"Biedermann SV, , Auer MK, , Bindila L, et al. Restricted vs. unrestricted wheel running in mice: effects on brain, behavior and endocannabinoids. Horm Behav. 2016; 86:45\u201354.","journal-title":"unrestricted wheel running in mice: effects on brain, behavior and endocannabinoids. Horm Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001276"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200312020-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk4030062"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_44_2","first-page":"ED000142","article-title":"Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","volume":"10","author":"Cumpston M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cumpston M, , Li T, , Page MJ, et al. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019; 10:ED000142.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_45_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients","author":"Brellenthin AG","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brellenthin AG, , Crombie KM, , Hillard CJ, et al. Psychological and endocannabinoid responses to aerobic exercise in substance use disorder patients. Subst Abus. 2019; 1\u201312.","journal-title":"Subst Abus"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002293"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-72108-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.09.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-2237-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806919898360"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2011.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20100751"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-5-59"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.324"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2014.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2011.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2040-4603.2017.tb00740.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_60_2","author":"Raichlen DA","year":"2012","unstructured":"Raichlen DA, , Foster AD, , Gerdeman GL, et al. Wired to run: exercise-induced endocannabinoid signaling in humans and cursorial mammals with implications for the \u201crunner's high.\u201d J Exp Biol. 2012;215(Pt 8):1331\u20131336.","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2016.1146710"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2018.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17020614"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640410400021492"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2017.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2012.100"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-2120-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.104471"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-3455"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7395"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0803539"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-3018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.12.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0089566"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0032-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_76_2","first-page":"247054701771329","article-title":"Post-traumatic stress disorder: the relationship between the fear response and chronic stress","volume":"1","author":"Maeng LY","year":"2017","unstructured":"Maeng LY, , Milad MR. Post-traumatic stress disorder: the relationship between the fear response and chronic stress. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 2017; 1:2470547017713297.","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_77_2","first-page":"247054701770399","article-title":"The neurobiological mechanisms of generalized anxiety disorder and chronic stress","volume":"1","author":"Patriquin MA","year":"2017","unstructured":"Patriquin MA, , Mathew SJ. The neurobiological mechanisms of generalized anxiety disorder and chronic stress. Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks). 2017; 1:2470547017703993.","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.13595"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30401-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2019.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-013-0470-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2015.180"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.09.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2018.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2021.103867"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2021.105355"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mhpa.2020.100366"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00768.2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnbeh.2018.00269"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnx058"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1514996112"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000000340"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0057"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0104534"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvaa051"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_99_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8438272"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_100_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2018.12.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.08.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_102_2","first-page":"141","article-title":"T, et al","volume":"170","author":"Thompson Z","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thompson Z, , Argueta D, , Garland Jr. T, et al. Circulating levels of endocannabinoids respond acutely to voluntary exercise, are altered in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running, and differ between the sexes. Physiol Behav. 2017; 170:141\u2013150.","journal-title":"Circulating levels of endocannabinoids respond acutely to voluntary exercise, are altered in mice selectively bred for high voluntary wheel running, and differ between the sexes. Physiol Behav"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13105-017-0557-1"}],"container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/can.2021.0113","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2021.0113","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2021.0113","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:11:23Z","timestamp":1777385483000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/can.2021.0113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/can.2021.0113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2021.0113","relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-5125","2378-8763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]}}}