{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T09:16:35Z","timestamp":1781082995653,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cannabis sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      L. medicinal oils are good therapeutic options due to their wide spectrum of pharmacological applications and the easy adjustment of individual doses. The lack of standardization of methodology in the preparation of medicinal oil using the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cannabis<\/jats:italic>\n                      crude extract results in elevated variability of cannabinoid concentration in the final product. The elevated variability impairs the understanding of beneficial and adverse effects related to dose\u2013response pharmacological activities.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to conduct a review on the current methods of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cannabis<\/jats:italic>\n                      oil preparation present in the literature, to demonstrate the most appropriate methodologies to ensure a product with high content of cannabinoids and terpenes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The decarboxylation stage is essential for the conversion of acid cannabinoids into neutral cannabinoids, which are substances with the highest bioavailability. Lower temperatures for longer periods of time instead of high temperatures in less time are highly recommended to ensure that all the acidic cannabinoids have passed through decarboxylation. For the guarantee of a high terpene content, the separate addition of essential oil to the fixed oil prepared from the crude extract should be considered. Ultrasound-assisted extraction is one of the best performing methodologies because it is cheaper than other techniques, such as supercritical fluid extraction, besides that, ultrasound extraction is effective in short extraction times and uses small amounts of solvent when compared with other techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Although the literature about the methods of preparation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cannabis<\/jats:italic>\n                      medicinal oil is scarce, it is possible to standardize an optimized, low-cost, and effective\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Cannabis<\/jats:italic>\n                      extractive methodology from the results found in the literature; however, this will depend on new research for methodological validation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0076","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,28]],"date-time":"2022-06-28T17:25:36Z","timestamp":1656437136000},"page":"476-486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Is There Enough Knowledge to Standardize a\n                    <i>Cannabis sativa<\/i>\n                    L. Medicinal Oil Preparation with a High Content of Cannabinoids?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0094-2829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Gabriel","family":"Gouv\u00eaa-Silva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"APEPI\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa e \u00e0 Pacientes de Cannabis Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"Farmanguinhos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5267-1808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudete da","family":"Costa-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"APEPI\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa e \u00e0 Pacientes de Cannabis Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"Farmanguinhos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ygor Jess\u00e9","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"Farmanguinhos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diogo Fonseca","family":"Mantovanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APEPI\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa e \u00e0 Pacientes de Cannabis Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilia Santoro","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Larissa Dias","family":"Viana-Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"APEPI\u2014Associa\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio \u00e0 Pesquisa e \u00e0 Pacientes de Cannabis Medicinal, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jose Luiz","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias Farmac\u00eauticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davyson de Lima","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Pesquisas Jardim Bot\u00e2nico do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"Farmanguinhos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."},{"name":"Instituto de Biologia Roberto Alcantara Gomes, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magno","family":"Maciel-Magalh\u00e3es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Farmanguinhos, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","first-page":"337","article-title":"Cannabis: an example of taxonomic neglect","volume":"23","author":"Schultes RE","year":"1974","unstructured":"Schultes RE, , Klein WM, , Plowman T, et al. 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