{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T18:32:58Z","timestamp":1791484378497,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]],"date-time":"2023-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696118400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The number of effective evidence-based treatment options for patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) is limited. Emerging evidence shows cannabinoids as promising for the treatment of tics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the efficacy and tolerability of single doses of three vaporized medical cannabis products and placebo in reducing tics in adults with TS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In a randomized, double-blind, crossover design, each participant received a vaporized single 0.25\u2009g dose of \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) 10%, THC\/cannabidiol (CBD) 9%\/9%, CBD 13%, and placebo at 2-week intervals. Our primary outcome was the Modified Rush Video-Based Tic Rating Scale (MRVTRS), taken at baseline and at 0.5, 1, 2, 3, and 5\u2009h after dose administration. Secondary measures included the Premonitory Urge for Tics Scale (PUTS), Subjective Units of Distress Scale (SUDS), and Clinical Global Impression\u2013Improvement (CGI-I). Correlations between outcomes and cannabinoid plasma levels were calculated. Tolerability measures included open-ended and specific questions about adverse events (AEs).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twelve adult patients with TS were randomized, with nine completing the study. There was no statistically significant effect of product on the MRVTRS. However, there was a significant effect of THC 10%, and to a lesser extent THC\/CBD 9%9%, versus placebo on the PUTS, SUDS, and CGI-I. As well, there were significant correlations between plasma levels of THC and its metabolites, but not CBD, with MRVTRS, PUTS, and SUDS measures. There were more AEs from all cannabis products relative to placebo, and more AEs from THC 10% versus other cannabis products, particularly cognitive and psychomotor effects. Most participants correctly identified whether they had received cannabis or placebo.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In this pilot randomized controlled trial of cannabis for tics in TS, there was no statistically significant difference on the MRVTRS for any of the cannabis products, although the THC 10% product was significantly better than placebo on the secondary outcome measures. Also, THC and metabolite plasma levels correlated with improvement on all measures. The THC 10% product resulted in the most AEs.\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ID: NCT03247244.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T10:00:12Z","timestamp":1661853612000},"page":"835-845","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Crossover Trial of Cannabis in Adults with Tourette Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2448-9758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elia","family":"Abi-Jaoude","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tracy","family":"Bhikram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ferdous","family":"Parveen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Levenbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Myriam","family":"Lafreniere-Roula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Sandor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Youthdale Treatment Centers, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5603\/PJNNS.a2021.0081"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.209"},{"issue":"29","key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"495","article-title":"The therapeutic potential of cannabis and cannabinoids","volume":"109","author":"Grotenhermen F","year":"2012","unstructured":"Grotenhermen F, and M\u00fcller-Vahl K. 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