{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:42Z","timestamp":1787008242364,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the psychoactive component in cannabis and a relationship of THC to driving impairment is expected. Despite this, there are discrepant findings with respect to the relationship of blood THC to driving. This study investigated the relationship of blood, urine, and saliva THC\/THC-COOH levels to \u201cweaving,\u201d as measured by a driving simulator.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Participants smoked cannabis alone or with alcohol. THC\/THC-COOH levels in blood, urine, and saliva were correlated with standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP), measuring \u201cweaving.\u201d In addition, SDLP after cannabis and\/or alcohol were compared with SDLP after placebo when THC\/THC-COOH levels were above or below specified thresholds in blood (5\u2009ng\/mL), urine (50\u2009ng\/mL), or saliva (25\u2009ng\/mL).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A clear linear relationship between blood THC concentration and SDLP was not observed based on calculation of Spearman coefficients. When compared with placebo, SDLP was significantly increased after cannabis and cannabis combined with alcohol when THC in the blood was above the legal limit. SDLP was increased in drug conditions when saliva cutoffs were above the legal limit.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings of this study suggest that specified thresholds for THC in blood and saliva may be able to detect driving impairment, but future studies are needed.\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/ClinicalTrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ID: NCT03106363.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,2]],"date-time":"2023-02-02T15:28:35Z","timestamp":1675351715000},"page":"408-413","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["The Utility of THC Cutoff Levels in Blood and Saliva for Detection of Impaired Driving"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8509-295X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Di Ciano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruna","family":"Brands","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Controlled Substances Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Fares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gina","family":"Stoduto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"McGrath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Evaluation Office, Ontario Ministry of Transportation, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omer S. M.","family":"Hasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Le Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine M.","family":"Wickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e536"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxr017"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2020.105961"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1077(1998110)13:2 <S70::AID-HUP50>3.0.CO;2-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1077(200010)15:7<551::AID-HUP236>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2009.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2007.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2012.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","author":"Arkell TR","year":"2021","unstructured":"Arkell TR, , Spindle TR, , Kevin RC, et al. The failings of per se limits to detect cannabis-induced driving impairment: results from a simulated driving study. Traffic Inj Prev. 2021:1\u20136.","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2021.4037"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-021-00466-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02009.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05773-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"Canada Go. Frequently Asked Questions\u2014Drug-Impaired Driving Laws. Available from: https:\/\/www.justice.gc.ca\/eng\/cj-jp\/sidl-rlcfa\/qa2-qr2.html [Last accessed: December 6 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"Use RC. Navigating Canada's Cannabis Laws: the Driver's Manual. Available from: https:\/\/thercu.org\/blogs\/blog\/navigating-canada-cannabis-laws-the-driver-s-manual [Last accessed: December 6 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","first-page":"161","article-title":"Approaches for reducing alcohol-impaired driving: evidence-based legislation, law enforcement strategies, sanctions, and alcohol-control policies","volume":"31","author":"Fell JC.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fell JC. Approaches for reducing alcohol-impaired driving: evidence-based legislation, law enforcement strategies, sanctions, and alcohol-control policies. Forensic Sci Rev. 2019; 31:161\u2013184.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107641"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2020.172937"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","first-page":"403","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety","author":"Berghaus G","year":"1995","unstructured":"Berghaus G, , Scheer N, , Schmidt P. Effects of Cannabis on Psychomotor Skills and Driving Performance: A Metaanalysis of Experimental Studies. In: Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Alcohol, Drugs and Traffic Safety. University of Adelaide, 1995; pp. 403\u2013409."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Effects of combining alcohol and cannabis on driving, breath alcohol level, blood THC, cognition, and subjective effects: a narrative review","author":"Fares A","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fares A, , Wright M, , Matheson J, et al. Effects of combining alcohol and cannabis on driving, breath alcohol level, blood THC, cognition, and subjective effects: a narrative review. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol. 2022; doi: 10.1037\/pha0000533","journal-title":"Exp Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","unstructured":"Canada H. Canadian Cannabis Survey. Available from: https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/health-canada\/services\/drugs-medication\/cannabis\/research-data\/canadian-cannabis-survey-2021-summary.html [Last accessed: December 6 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.641549"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20503245211055381"}],"container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/can.2022.0187","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2022.0187","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2022.0187","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:11:42Z","timestamp":1777385502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/can.2022.0187"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/can.2022.0187"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2022.0187","relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-5125","2378-8763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]]}}}