{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T05:39:04Z","timestamp":1791956344776,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Preclinical research supports the benefits of pharmaceutical cannabis-based extracts for treating different medical conditions (e.g., epilepsy); however, their neuroprotective potential has not been widely investigated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, we evaluated the neuroprotective activity of Epifractan (EPI), a cannabis-based medicinal extract containing a high level of cannabidiol (CBD), components like terpenoids and flavonoids, trace levels of \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol, and the acid form of CBD. We determined the ability of EPI to counteract the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity by analyzing cell viability and morphology of neurons and astrocytes by immunocytochemical assays. The effect of EPI was compared with XALEX, a plant-derived and highly purified CBD formulation (XAL), and pure CBD crystals (CBD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results revealed that EPI induced a significant reduction in the rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in a wide range of concentrations without causing neurotoxicity\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">per se<\/jats:italic>\n                      . EPI showed a similar effect to XAL suggesting that no additive or synergistic interactions between individual substances present in EPI occurred. In contrast, CBD did show a different profile to EPI and XAL because a neurotoxic effect\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">per se<\/jats:italic>\n                      was observed at higher concentrations assayed. Medium-chain triglyceride oil used in EPI formulation could explain this difference.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our data support a neuroprotective effect of EPI that may provide neuroprotection in different neurodegenerative processes. The results highlight the role of CBD as the active component of EPI but also support the need for an appropriate formulation to dilute pharmaceutical cannabis-based products that could be critical to avoid neurotoxicity at very high doses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0289","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T14:09:28Z","timestamp":1683554968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Neuroprotective Effect of a Pharmaceutical Extract of Cannabis with High Content on CBD Against Rotenone in Primary Cerebellar Granule Cell Cultures and the Relevance of Formulations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3953-4814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Echeverry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Neurodegeneraci\u00f3n y Neuroprotecci\u00f3n and Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anal\u00eda","family":"Richeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurofarmacolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jimena","family":"Fagetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurofarmacolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaby F.","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurofarmacolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Vignolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Neurodegeneraci\u00f3n y Neuroprotecci\u00f3n and Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giselle","family":"Prunell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Mecanismos de Neurodegeneraci\u00f3n y Neuroprotecci\u00f3n and Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leticia","family":"Cu\u00f1etti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Nefrolog\u00eda y Urolog\u00eda, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Mart\u00ednez Busi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Qu\u00edmica Anal\u00edtica, Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ver\u00f3nica S\u00e1nchez","family":"de Medina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytoplant Research S.L., Cordoba, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Ferreiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Phytoplant Research S.L., Cordoba, Spain."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8207-0146","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Scorza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Neurofarmacolog\u00eda Experimental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biol\u00f3gicas Clemente Estable, Montevideo, Uruguay."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-4020(63)85022-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-61663-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00482"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_6_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Epilepsy and cannabidiol: A guide to treatment","volume":"22","author":"Arzimanoglou A","year":"2020","unstructured":"Arzimanoglou A, , Brandl U, , Cross JH, et al. 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