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While anecdotal and patient reports suggest efficacy of these compounds for these conditions, clinical research has shown mixed results. To date, clinical research has focused primarily on delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). THC is a ligand of classical cannabinoid receptors (CBRs). CBD is one of a large group of nonintoxicating cannabinoids (niCBs) that mediate their effects on both CBRs and through non-CBR mechanisms of action. Because they are not psychotropic, there is increasing interest and availability of niCBs. The numerous niCBs show potential to rectify abnormal intestinal motility as well as have anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The effects of niCBs are frequently not mediated by CBRs, but rather through actions on other targets, including transient receptor potential channels and voltage-gated ion channels. Additionally, evidence suggests that niCBs can be combined to increase their potency through what is termed the entourage effect. This review examines the pre-clinical data available surrounding these niCBs in treatment of abdominal pain with a focus on non-CBR mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]],"date-time":"2023-10-26T14:25:06Z","timestamp":1698330306000},"page":"3-11","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Non-Intoxicating Cannabinoids in Visceral Pain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Kristofer","family":"Svendsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Sharkey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2209-6536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Altier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Inflammation Research Network, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."},{"name":"Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0205-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.136"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0258-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2017-315866"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11894-020-0757-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-0193-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-318484"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0246871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000440982.79036.d6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000001565"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjab069"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2018.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","first-page":"23","article-title":"The pharmacological history of cannabis","author":"Russo EB","year":"2015","unstructured":"Russo EB. 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