{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:09:57Z","timestamp":1790806197674,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonintoxicating phytocannabinoid used in clinical treatments and sold widely in consumer products. CBD products may be designed for sublingual or oral delivery, but it is unclear whether either is advantageous for CBD absorption. This study compared CBD pharmacokinetics after providing CBD oil as sublingual drops and within orally ingested gelatin capsules, at a dose relevant to consumer products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eight males completed three conditions in a participant-blinded, randomized crossover design. Participants received the following combinations of placebo and CBD-containing (69\u2009mg\/mL) hemp oil in capsules and as sublingual drops: placebo capsules\/placebo drops (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Placebo<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), CBD capsules\/placebo drops (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CBD-Caps<\/jats:italic>\n                      ), and placebo capsules\/CBD drops (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CBD-Drops<\/jats:italic>\n                      ). Blood samples, blood pressure, and subjective scales were obtained\/completed hourly for 6\u2009h and at 24\u2009h.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plasma CBD concentrations were not different between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CBD-Caps<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CBD-Drops<\/jats:italic>\n                      (interaction effect\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.76). Peak CBD concentration (28.0\u00b115.6 vs. 24.0\u00b122.2\u2009ng\/mL), time of peak CBD concentration (4\u00b11 vs. 4\u00b12\u2009h), and area under the concentration curve (45.3\u00b120.3 vs. 41.8\u00b123.3\u2009ng\/mL\u00b76\u2009h) were not different between conditions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u22650.25). Cardiometabolic outcomes (plasma glucose\/triacylglycerol, heart rate, blood pressure), liver function (plasma alanine aminotransferase\/aspartate aminotransferase), kidney function (plasma creatinine), and subjective feelings\/symptoms were not different between conditions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u22650.07).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Plasma CBD profiles were comparable between\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CBD-Caps<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CBD-Drops<\/jats:italic>\n                      , suggesting that there were not meaningful differences in routes of CBD absorption between conditions. This implies that CBD oil delivered sublingually is swallowed before oral mucosal CBD absorption occurs, which may have implications for research design, CBD product design, and consumer product choice.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,21]],"date-time":"2023-09-21T11:12:20Z","timestamp":1695294740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cannabidiol Oil Ingested as Sublingual Drops or Within Gelatin Capsules Shows Similar Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Healthy Males"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0147-6938","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Drusus A.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark P.","family":"Funnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liam M.","family":"Heaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas G.","family":"Cable","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2509-9767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrick C.","family":"Wheeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen J.","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis J.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"US CBD Market Industry Update. Brightfield Group; 2021. Available from : https:\/\/content.brightfieldgroup.com\/us-cbd-market-report [last accessed March2 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-021-00061-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","unstructured":"Consumer advice on cannabidiol (CBD) extracts [Internet]. Food Standards Agency; 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.food.gov.uk\/print\/pdf\/node\/3706 [Last accessed: March2 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13425"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2020.119276"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13090219"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17425247.2019.1653852"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1393-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-018-0578-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-15026-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.2377"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0024"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011203"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0087426"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.2020-0150"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J175v03n04_01"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24162967"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14102152"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpb.2020.06.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01074-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14010035"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.16419"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","first-page":"391","article-title":"Use of 99mTc-DTPA for measuring gastric emptying time","volume":"15","author":"Chaudhuri TK","year":"1974","unstructured":"Chaudhuri TK. Use of 99mTc-DTPA for measuring gastric emptying time. 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