{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:11:16Z","timestamp":1787008276502,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA-A) is one of the main ingredients of cannabis plants and is converted to the psychoactive substance \u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) by decarboxylation during heating above \u223c90\u00b0C. During the consumption of cannabis, a varying proportion of THCA-A is absorbed into the body. Therefore, the quantification of THCA-A in serum\/plasma might provide additional information on consumption behavior in driving under the influence of cannabis cases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this study, an already established gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the quantification of THC, 11-OH-THC, and THC-COOH in serum and plasma samples was extended to include THCA-A. This validated method was then applied to 1228 routinely achieved serum\/plasma samples from drivers suspected of cannabis consumption in Western Saxony. Two different grouping systems for chronic\/occasional consumption, one system for acute\/subacute consumption, Huestis formulas, and the cannabis influence factor (CIF) were used for evaluation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Method validation showed appropriate results for forensic toxicological routine analysis. Limit of detection and lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) for THCA-A were 0.3 and 1.0\u2009ng\/mL, respectively. Reproducibility was &lt;11% and accuracy ranged between 104% and 107%. THCA-A was stable in native samples at least for 2 weeks at room temperature or 4\u00b0C as well as 1 month at \u221220\u00b0C. Freeze\u2013thaw stability for three cycles and processed sample stability over 3 days was proven. A total of 865 cases with a THC concentration above the German analytical cutoff of 1\u2009ng\/mL as well as the analytical LLOQs of 0.9 and 2.5\u2009ng\/mL for 11-OH-THC and THC-COOH, respectively, were included in further statistical analysis. In 407 (47.1%) of these samples, THCA-A was quantifiable. Different statistical analyses indicated a correlation between THCA-A and THC concentrations in cases of chronic and acute consumption. In addition, an increase of chronic and acute cases with increasing THCA-A concentrations was observed. However, no correlation between THCA-A and CIF was found.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These data show that THCA-A might be an additional indicative marker to provide information about consumption frequency and acuteness. Additional studies with known consumption frequencies and times are required to verify these findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T12:21:21Z","timestamp":1711023681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Does the Quantification of \u03949-Tetrahydrocannabinolic Acid A in Serum\/Plasma Provide Any Additional Information About Consumption Pattern from Drivers Under the Influence of Cannabis?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8723-4405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisa","family":"H\u00f6fert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Dre\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susen","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Forensic Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.2682"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dta.3110"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2015.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"3","article-title":"Decarboxylation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) to active THC","author":"Iffland K","year":"2016","unstructured":"Iffland K, , Carus M, , Grotenhermen F. Decarboxylation of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) to active THC. Eur Ind Hemp Assoc, 2016; 3.","journal-title":"Eur Ind Hemp Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2004.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","first-page":"10","article-title":"Zur Verkehrst\u00fcchtigkeit unter Einfluss von Cannabis: Grenzwerte und Messverfahren in Deutschland und den Niederlanden","volume":"7","author":"Deutscher Bundestag","year":"2019","unstructured":"Deutscher Bundestag. Zur Verkehrst\u00fcchtigkeit unter Einfluss von Cannabis: Grenzwerte und Messverfahren in Deutschland und den Niederlanden. Wiss Dienste Sachstand, 2019; WD 7-3000-040\/19:10","journal-title":"Wiss Dienste Sachstand"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","first-page":"213","article-title":"Evaluation of aggressive behavior of cannabis users","volume":"50","author":"Toennes SW","year":"2013","unstructured":"Toennes SW, , Walter J, , Wunder C, et al. Evaluation of aggressive behavior of cannabis users. Blutalkohol, 2013; 50(5):213\u2013228.","journal-title":"Blutalkohol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2005.056838"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","unstructured":"Daldrup T Meininger I. Der Cannabis Influencing Factor (CIF). Cannabis Im Stra\u00dfenverkehr. Gustav Fischer Verlag: Stuttgart; 1998."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","article-title":"Interpretation von Quantitativen Cannabinoid-Bestimmungen in Blutproben in Zusammenhang Mit Stra\u00dfenverkehrsdelikten","author":"Freisleben SK.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Freisleben SK. Interpretation von Quantitativen Cannabinoid-Bestimmungen in Blutproben in Zusammenhang Mit Stra\u00dfenverkehrsdelikten. Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg im Breisgau; 2011.","journal-title":"Albert-Ludwigs-Universit\u00e4t Freiburg im Breisgau"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","first-page":"351","article-title":"Estimation of the time lag between consumption and blood sampling for a better evaluation of the separability of cannabis use and driving","volume":"56","author":"He\u00df C","year":"2019","unstructured":"He\u00df C, , Scheunemann A, , Thomas B, et al. Estimation of the time lag between consumption and blood sampling for a better evaluation of the separability of cannabis use and driving. Can further cannabinoids help in the interpretation? Blutalkohol, 2019; 56(6):351\u2013365.","journal-title":"Can further cannabinoids help in the interpretation? 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