{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T02:10:15Z","timestamp":1790647815386,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]],"date-time":"2024-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712016000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis is one of the world\u2019s most commonly used substances; however, many questions remain unanswered as to how cannabis impacts the body. Recently, there has been a resurgence of research into the effects of plant-derived cannabinoids on mitochondrial health. In particular, a number of studies implicate mitochondrial\u2014\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (\u03949-THC) interactions with altered memory, metabolism, and catalepsy in mice. Although the research in this field is expanding rapidly, there is little known about the effects of cannabis on mitochondria health in human subjects either in acute or chronic term use.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Blood samples were obtained from a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group randomized clinical trial in which adults who regularly use cannabis (1\u20134 days\/week) aged 19\u201325 years were randomized 2:1 to receive either an active (12.5% \u03949-THC) cigarette or placebo (&lt;0.01% \u03949-THC) cigarette containing 750 mg of cannabis before driving simulator testing. DNA was extracted from whole blood using commercial spin columns, followed by measurement of mt-ND1, mt-ND4, and \u03b22M using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. One-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Dunnett\u2019s multiple comparisons test was used to observe changes in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) copy number over time. A two-tailed Pearsons R test was used to assess correlations between mtDNA copy number and cannabinoid levels (\u03949-THC and metabolites) in blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that exposure to active cannabis containing \u03949-THC, as opposed to placebo, was associated with an acute reduction in mitochondrial DNA copy number in whole blood at 15 min and 1 h after smoking. The observed decrease in mtDNA copy number negatively correlated with blood concentrations of 11-hydroxy-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (11-OH-THC) and 11-Nor-9-carboxy-\u03949-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH), the two primary metabolites of \u03949-THC, but not \u03949-THC itself. Further, the negative correlation between 11-OH THC and THC-COOH concentrations and mtDNA copy number was found in only a subgroup of participants who use cannabis infrequently, suggesting a tolerance effect.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results illuminate mitochondrial alterations attributed to \u03949-THC consumption, which may be mediated by metabolites. These results appear to suggest stronger effects in individuals who consume cannabis less frequently, suggesting some form of tolerance to the effects of \u03949-THC and its metabolites on mtDNA content in whole blood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Keywords:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mitochondria; mtDNA; cannabis; THC; THC metabolites; blood; THC-COOH; 11-OH-THC<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2023.0282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T13:19:46Z","timestamp":1719407986000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Acute Cannabis Administration Transiently Reduces Mitochondrial DNA in Young Adults: Findings from a Secondary Analysis of a Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Pavel","family":"Powlowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Matheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Le Foll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Family and Community Medicine, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada."},{"name":"Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Acute Care Program, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada."},{"name":"Waypoint Research Institute, Waypoint Centre for Mental Health Care, Penetanguishene, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana C.","family":"Andreazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4460-1858","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruth A.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","unstructured":"UNODC.. 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