{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T16:47:50Z","timestamp":1790182070606,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background\/Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis, one of the most widely used recreational drug in the United States, has had a significant surge in usage following its legalization in 1996. In recent years, there has been research into the physiological effects of cannabis on the gastrointestinal (GI) system. Our study aims to systematically examine the association between cannabis use and complications of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We queried the 2016\u20132020 National Inpatient Sample database to identify patient encounters with GERD. Patients with eosinophilic esophagitis or missing demographics were excluded. We compared patient demographics, comorbidities, and complications among cannabis users and nonusers. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the relationship between cannabis use and complications of GERD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 27.2 million patient encounters were included in the analysis, out of which 507,190 were cannabis users. Majority of the cannabis users were aged between 45\u201364 years (46.6%), males (57.4%), White (63.84%), and belonged to the lowest income quartile (40.6%). Cannabis users demonstrated a higher prevalence of esophagitis compared to nonusers (6.11% vs. 3.23%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). However, they exhibited a lower rates of esophageal stricture (0.6% vs. 0.8%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) and esophageal cancer (0.2% vs. 0.24%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). After adjusting for confounding factors, cannabis users were noted to have higher odds of esophagitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 1.34, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30\u20131.39,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001). A lower odds of esophageal stricture (aOR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81\u20130.96,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.02) and esophageal cancer (aOR: 0.48,95% CI: 0.42\u20130.57,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.001) were noted.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our cross-sectional study using the nationally available database indicates an association between cannabis use and higher odds of esophagitis, along with lower odds of esophageal stricture and cancer. While these findings suggest a potential relationship between cannabis use and esophageal complications, it is limited in establishing causality. Therefore, further long-term studies are warranted to understand the mechanism behind this association and to determine if cannabis use has an impact on esophagus.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2024.0011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T11:00:41Z","timestamp":1714734041000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association of Cannabis Use with Complications Among Patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: Insights from National Inpatient Sample"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Avneet","family":"Kaur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Punjab Institute of Medicine Sciences, Jalandhar, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ishandeep","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isha","family":"Kohli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahiljot","family":"Singh Bhupal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Information Systems and Technology, Claremont Graduate University, Claremont, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jay","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikki","family":"Nikzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8365-7240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aalam","family":"Sohal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatology, Liver Institute Northwest, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juliana","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","unstructured":"Lesser B. The History of Marijuana in Society [Internet]. Dual Diagnosis; 2021. Available from: https:\/\/dualdiagnosis.org\/marijana-treatment\/reefer-madness-look-evolution-marijuana-society\/ [Last accessed: January18 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonnie RJ Whitebread II CH. The Marihuana Conviction: A History of Marihuana Prohibition in the United States. Charlottesville VA: University Press of Virginia; 1974.","DOI":"10.2307\/1228284"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"137","article-title":"Established and potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in oncology","volume":"11","author":"Walsh D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walsh D, , Nelson KA, , Mahmoud F. Established and potential therapeutic applications of cannabinoids in oncology. 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