{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:03:04Z","timestamp":1784793784236,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748822400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hemp and cannabidiol (CBD) products are now widely available for purchase in the United States and in many international jurisdictions. However, these products are largely unregulated (with very few exceptions) and are widely available without restriction. This has created a market in which low-quality and contaminated products are commonplace. The aim of the current study was to analyze the cannabinoid content of 56 selected CBD gummy products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Gummy-based CBD products from national brands, available for purchase online, were obtained. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS\/MS) was used for cannabinoid analysis. Key outcome measures included: (1) concentration of CBD in each product, (2) accuracy of the product labeling regarding CBD concentration, and (3) concentration of \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -tetrahydrocannabinol (\u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC) and other cannabinoids of interest (e.g., cannabidivarin and cannabinol) in each product. An exploratory analysis assessed within-product consistency of CBD and THC concentrations (e.g., variation in cannabinoid content from gummy to gummy within a single bottle).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The products contained a mean of 21.38 (\u00b111.16) mg CBD per gummy (range: 5.70\u2009\u2212\u200959.99 mg). In total, 70% of the gummies contained CBD in a concentration that differed by &gt;10% of the dose listed on the packaging. In total, 39% of the products contained \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC and concentrations were highly variable (range: 0.019\u20130.88 mg \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC\/gummy); 9 products (16% of products tested) contained &gt;0.4 mg \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC per gummy. Within-product analysis (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10 products) revealed high variability across gummies (coefficient of variation for CBD: 2.1\u2009\u2212\u200927.1%; \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC: 3.1\u2009\u2212\u200923.5%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As several studies have demonstrated, unregulated CBD product packaging is not an accurate indication of the product constituents. This study further confirms that CBD products do not have reliable CBD concentrations\u2014both relative to the dose listed on the label and among individual gummies within the same bottle. These products also frequently contain \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC (and occasionally \u0394\n                      <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                      -THC), often unbeknownst to the consumer. The results of this study support the growing body of literature suggesting the necessity of CBD product regulation to ensure customer health and safety.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2024.0167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]],"date-time":"2025-06-02T05:53:17Z","timestamp":1748843597000},"page":"710-718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Cannabidiol Gummy Products: LC-MS\/MS Assessment of Cannabinoid Concentrations"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Erin D.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"LGC Assure, Lexington, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael W.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Science, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maribeth","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makana","family":"Randolph","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"LGC Assure, Lexington, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1450-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shanna","family":"Babalonis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioral Science, Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, UK Cannabis Center, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","unstructured":"United States 115th Congress. Agricultural Improvement Act of 2018. 2018. Available from: https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/115\/plaws\/publ334\/PLAW-115publ334.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"CBD Insider US CBD Consumer Report. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/thecbdinsider.com\/featured-article\/the-cbd-insider-2021-us-cbd-consumer-report\/ [Last accessed: August14 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2020.0093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3768\/rtipress.2016.op.0035.1611"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0030"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration. FDA Approves New Indication for Drug Containing an Active Ingredient Derived from Cannabis to Treat Seizures in Rare Genetic Disease. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-approves-new-indication-drug-containing-active-ingredient-derived-cannabis-treat-seizures-rare [Last accessed: June12 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"United States Food and Drug Administration J. Woodcock Principal Deputy Commissioner. FDA Concludes that Existing Regulatory Frameworks for Foods and Supplements are Not Appropriate for Cannabidiol Will Work with Congress on a New Way Forward. 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/news-events\/press-announcements\/fda-concludes-existing-regulatory-frameworks-foods-and-supplements-are-not-appropriate-cannabidiol [Last accessed: June12 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.11909"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2020.103800"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2019.0078"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2022.109522"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s42238-022-00140-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1335441"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2024.0058"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9383-9_65"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ccm.0000908200.49937.0e"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13023\/etd.2022.148"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000489287"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2021.108514"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X17666190603171901"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.7688"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","unstructured":"Marinol\u00ae (dronabinol) Package Insert. 2004. Available from: https:\/\/www.accessdata.fda.gov\/drugsatfda_docs\/label\/2005\/018651s021lbl.pdf [Last accessed: August23 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","unstructured":"United States Department of Health and Human Services Department of Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Mandatory Guidelines for Federal Workplace Drug Testing Programs. US Federal Register 2017. Available from: https:\/\/www.federalregister.gov\/d\/2017-00979"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/24.7.562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/49.7.1114"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/25.8.691"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/bkx102"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","unstructured":"Office of the Under Secretary of Defense. Adoption of Punitive General Orders to Address Use of Hemp Products. 2020. 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