{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T11:25:43Z","timestamp":1787311543487,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cannabis was legalized in California for recreational use through the passage of Proposition 64: The Adult Use Marijuana Act of 2016. This analysis from the Impact 64 study describes the cannabis use patterns of adults 21 years and older in California since the passage of Proposition 64.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An online questionnaire addressing use of tetrahydrocannabinol-containing cannabis (including frequency, product(s), length, source, and purpose) was administered from December 2022 to February 2023. Of the initial 15,309 census-weighted participants, a subset of participants completed a detailed cannabis use questionnaire, including 4,020 people who currently use cannabis. Cannabis users were grouped by use frequency, and chi-squared analysis was utilized for descriptive analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was applied to assess significant variables associated with specific use patterns.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the initial sample of 15,208, 37% reported current cannabis use (with use in the past 3 months), 30% formerly used cannabis, and 33% were nonusers. Among current users, 38% reported very frequent use (multiple times a day), 33% frequent use (four times per week to daily), and 30% occasional use (three times per week or less). Compared with occasional users, very frequent users were more likely to be male (65%, odds ratio [OR] = 1.8,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), less educated (OR = 1.7,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and have lower incomes (under 50K vs 100K, OR = 2.3,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). Most users reported multiple cannabis products, mainly flower inhalation (80%), vaping (66%), and edibles (61%), primarily sourced from dispensaries (77%), which the majority (94%) perceived as licensed. Of all current users, most used cannabis at home (93%) or for entertainment (75%), with many reporting use during creative activities (45%), with alcohol (36%) and\/or with cigarettes (24%). Positive impacts were reported in mental (82%), emotional (81%), and physical (62%) health. The internet (51%) and friends\/family (50%) were the main sources of information. Most current users felt comfortable discussing cannabis with their primary doctor (78%), although only 66% of primary doctors knew about recreational use.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a high prevalence of daily cannabis use among adult Californians, with most users obtaining products from perceived licensed dispensaries or delivery services. While most users feel comfortable discussing cannabis use with physicians, they primarily obtain information from other sources, highlighting the need to bridge this information gap.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2024.0179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T12:46:01Z","timestamp":1749473161000},"page":"269-283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Cannabis Use in California Following Legalization of Recreational Use"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"11","author":[{"given":"Linda","family":"Hill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2624-4835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Ageze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renee","family":"Dell\u2019Acqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Gold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quester, Des Moines, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilene","family":"Lanin-Kettering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quester, Des Moines, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Rybar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tom","family":"Shaughnessy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quester, Des Moines, Iowa, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Herbert Wertheim School of Public Health and Human Longevity Science, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3039-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas D.","family":"Marcotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Center for Medicinal Cannabis Research, UC San Diego, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Cooper M Gyawali S Smith T et al. 2022 NSDUH Annual National Report. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: Rockville MD; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/2022-nsduh-annual-national-report [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","unstructured":"National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA). Prevalence of Marijuana Use Among U.S. Adults Doubles Over Past Decade. Bethesda MD; 2015. Available from: https:\/\/www.niaaa.nih.gov\/news-events\/news-releases\/prevalence-marijuana-use-among-us-adults-doubles-over-past-decade [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ADD.14234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ADD.16519"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","unstructured":"Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA). Marijuana legality by state\u2014Updated October 1 2024. Fort Meade MD; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/disa.com\/marijuana-legality-by-state [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","unstructured":"California Department of Public Health (CDPH). 2022 Cannabis Data Snapshot Substance and Addiction Prevention Branch California Cannabis Surveillance System. Sacramento CA; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdph.ca.gov\/Programs\/CCDPHP\/sapb\/CDPH%20Document%20Library\/2022_Cannabis_Data_Snapshot.pdf [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","unstructured":"California Courts The Judicial Branch of California. Proposition 64: The Adult Use of Marijuana Act. San Francisco CA. Available from: https:\/\/www.courts.ca.gov\/prop64.htm [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11926-017-0693-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJ.N2040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S11920-017-0775-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD013444.pub2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-015-0375-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","volume-title":"The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids: The Current State of Evidence and Recommendations for Research. National Academies Press: Washington, DC; 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/zsac218"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/m21-4520"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13181-016-0595-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867415599846"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/APPI.AJP.2021.21030320"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADDBEH.2020.106479"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2023.28934"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_4_22_2.1","unstructured":"BallotPedia. California Proposition 215 Medical Marijuana Initiative (1996). Middleton WI"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_4_22_2.2","unstructured":"2023. Available from: https:\/\/ballotpedia.org\/California_Proposition_215 _Medical_Marijuana_Initiative_(1996) [Last accessed: September15 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","unstructured":"JMP. Statistical Software. Cary NC. Available from: https:\/\/www.jmp.com\/en_us\/home.html [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","first-page":"15","article-title":"Proposition 64: Marijuana legalization","author":"Marchini G","year":"2016","unstructured":"Marchini G, , Parino B. Proposition 64: Marijuana legalization. California Initiative Review (CIR), 2016:15.","journal-title":"California Initiative Review (CIR)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2021.36571"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): 2014 National Discharges From Substance Abuse Treatment Services. Rockville Maryland; 2023. Available from: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/treatment-episode-data-set-teds-2014-national-disch [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Behavioral Health Barometer: California Volume 5. Rockville Maryland; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/report\/behavioral-health-barometer-california-volume-5 [Last accessed: September20 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000509377"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Alcohol and cannabis use and the developing brain","volume":"41","author":"Lees B","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lees B, , Debenham J, , Squeglia LM. Alcohol and cannabis use and the developing brain. Alcohol Res, 2021; 41(1):11; doi: 10.35946\/ARCR.V41.1.11","journal-title":"Alcohol Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PSC.2023.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2020.1713056"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/CAN.2020.0064"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGPO.2022.103716"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","unstructured":"Statista. Legal vs Illicit Cannabis Sales California U.S. 2019-2024. New York NY; 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1075946\/legal-vs-illicit-cannabis-sales-california-us\/ [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","unstructured":"Department of Cannabis Control California. Where Cannabis Businesses Are Allowed. Rancho Cordova CA; 2024. Available from: https:\/\/cannabis.ca.gov\/cannabis-laws\/where-cannabis-businesses-are-allowed\/ [Last accessed: August25 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PMEDR.2020.101165"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.PMEDR.2023.102289"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ADDBEH.2021.107130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1402335"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2022.83.358"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/NTR\/NTZ085"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.DRUGALCDEP.2010.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2017.1327978"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/CAN.2019.0096"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN-2021-054282"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000001155"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890117119899218"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12954-022-00691-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10499091221097090"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S42238-022-00141-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12954-024-00929-8\/TABLES\/6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3122\/JABFM.2018.05.170462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14659891.2022.2070870"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132719831871"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YEBEH.2020.107102"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S40266-023-01030-8"}],"container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/can.2024.0179","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2024.0179","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2024.0179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T10:23:28Z","timestamp":1787307808000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/can.2024.0179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/can.2024.0179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2024.0179","relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-5125","2378-8763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]]}}}