{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:50:35Z","timestamp":1790859035885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751241600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>With the changing legal landscape, the acceptance and availability of cannabis products have increased. Cannabis products are generally considered \u201cnatural\u201d and relatively safe by consumers. However, growing empirical evidence from humans and other animals indicates that cannabis negatively affects human health. In contrast to the well-known teratogenic effects of alcohol and tobacco products, the safety of cannabis product use during pregnancy has not yet been established. The goal of this systematic review was to determine the patterns that exist in human and rodent literature on the effects of prenatal exposure to cannabis products and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on birth outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A systematic review of rodent and human studies was conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Rodent search strategy used PubMed and Scopus with terms \u201cprenatal OR perinatal OR\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                      OR maternal exposure AND cannabis OR THC or cannabinoids AND exposure NOT review NOT Human.\u201d Human search strategy used PubMed, CINAHL, and Scopus with terms \u201ccannabinoids OR cannabis OR THC OR marijuana\u201d AND \u201cpregnancy OR pregnant OR prenatal AND \u201cinfant outcome OR infant health.\u201d After deleting duplicates and studies that did not fit the inclusion criteria, 21 rodent and 36 human studies were selected for review. Rodent studies focused on birth weight, litter size, mortality, and gestation length. Human studies have focused on birth weight, gestational age, and infant health at delivery.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In both human and rodent studies, prenatal exposure to cannabis was significantly associated with lower birth weight; however, it was not significantly associated with gestational age in rodents or humans. In most rodent studies, prenatal exposure to cannabis did not affect mortality or litter size. In human studies, there was a tendency for infants exposed to cannabis during pregnancy to have worse health at delivery. Findings indicate that cannabis exposure\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in utero<\/jats:italic>\n                      may be associated with worse birth outcomes; however, the results are mixed and vary by species and outcome.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Methodological differences and scant existing research may have contributed to this inconsistency. Given the legalization of cannabis product use for recreational and medicinal purposes is growing, additional research is necessary to determine its influence on fetal and infant health outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2025.0027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T01:31:48Z","timestamp":1751333508000},"page":"575-592","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Risks of Cannabinoid Exposure on Birth Outcomes: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"A. Matthew","family":"Reck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taylor","family":"Reilly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. Olivia","family":"Vanegas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie J.","family":"Shook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven G.","family":"Kinsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6888-332X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon G.","family":"Casavant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA."},{"name":"Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","unstructured":"Malyshev A Ganley S. Cannabis in 2024: A year in review. 2024."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/npp.2017.206"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2024.307823"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.45653"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1696719"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17030909"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.586447"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15467"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","unstructured":"State Cannabis Policy Enactment Database. 2024. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/health\/state-cannabis-legislation-database [Last accessed: December 5]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.16328"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000798"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.7982"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","article-title":"Prenatal exposure to tobacco and cannabis in six race\/ethnicity groups during the first three years after legalization of cannabis for recreational use in California","volume":"21","author":"Kharrazi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kharrazi M, , Berger K, , Pearl M, et al. Prenatal exposure to tobacco and cannabis in six race\/ethnicity groups during the first three years after legalization of cannabis for recreational use in California. Intr J Environmental Res Public Health, 2023; 21(1); doi: 10.3390\/ijerph21010011","journal-title":"Intr J Environmental Res Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002619"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"110","article-title":"Maternal-fetal transfer of abused substances: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data","volume":"60","author":"Lee CC","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lee CC, , Chiang CN. Maternal-fetal transfer of abused substances: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data. NIDA Res Monogr, 1985; 60:110\u2013147.","journal-title":"NIDA Res Monogr"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000477603"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0262"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2023.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.4352"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.2084"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2015-1394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1646240"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3345\/cep.2021.00773"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l1346"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tera.1420360206"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effects of \u03949-THC on pregnancy and offspring in rats","volume":"6","author":"Abel EL","year":"1984","unstructured":"Abel EL. Effects of \u03949-THC on pregnancy and offspring in rats. Neurotoxicology Teratol, 1984; 6(1):29\u201332.","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology Teratol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)00205-K"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120916135"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2024.106588"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0512-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.04.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(87)90068-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(89)90006-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(91)90090-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-021-01511-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(88)90359-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02738892"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-57318-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147502"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2022.0180"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2024.122447"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(91)90369-D"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-3057(97)00250-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-1753489"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2023.11.1232"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-020-0643-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010286"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2021.1960973"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.05.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-018-0148-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2018.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajo.13589"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50624"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108507"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-061167"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JPN.0000000000000668"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0576-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-022-01269-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.03.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.17114"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2016.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jogc.2018.11.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0276824"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-023-07009-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ntt.2018.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.21146"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-020-03371-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12686"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2021.08.088"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2021.1958851"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000001123"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1694793"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/jpm-2019-0422"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1278834"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12752"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2015.120"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_81_2","first-page":"391","article-title":"Perinatal cannabinoid exposure: Demasculinization in male mice","volume":"8","author":"Dalterio SL","year":"1986","unstructured":"Dalterio SL, , Michael SD, , Thomford PJ. Perinatal cannabinoid exposure: Demasculinization in male mice. Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol, 1986; 8(4):391\u2013397.","journal-title":"Neurobehav Toxicol Teratol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0892-0362(91)90018-R"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000001649"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-010-1892-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2020.100841"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_86_2","volume-title":"Handbook of neonatal intensive care","author":"Merenstein GB","year":"2006","unstructured":"Merenstein GB, , Gardner SL. Handbook of neonatal intensive care. Mosby Elsevier: St. Louis, Missouri; 2006."}],"container-title":["Cannabis &amp; Cannabinoid Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/can.2025.0027","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2025.0027","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/can.2025.0027","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,8]],"date-time":"2026-05-08T10:11:47Z","timestamp":1778235107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/can.2025.0027"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/can.2025.0027"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/can.2025.0027","relation":{},"ISSN":["2578-5125","2378-8763"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2578-5125","type":"print"},{"value":"2378-8763","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]]}}}