{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:17:24Z","timestamp":1791357444283,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":9,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]],"date-time":"2014-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1409529600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have higher rates of comorbid psychiatric disorders, including mood disorders, than the general child population. Although children with ASD may experience irritability (aggression, self-injury, and tantrums), a portion also experience symptoms that are typical of a mood disorder, such as euphoria\/elevated mood, mania, hypersexuality, paranoia, or decreased need for sleep. Despite lithium's established efficacy in controlling mood disorder symptoms in the neurotypical population, lithium has been rarely studied in children with ASD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We performed a retrospective chart review of 30 children and adolescents diagnosed with ASD by the\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,<\/jats:italic>\n                      4th ed., Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) criteria who were prescribed lithium in order to assess target symptoms, safety, and tolerability. Clinical Global Impressions \u2013 Improvement (CGI-I) ratings were performed by two board-certified child psychiatrists with expertise in ASD. CGI-I scores were dichotomized into \u201cimproved\u201d (CGI-I score of 1 or 2) or \u201cnot improved\u201d (CGI-I score \u22653).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-three percent of patients who received lithium were rated as \u201cimproved\u201d on the CGI-I. Seventy-one percent of patients who had two or more pretreatment mood disorder symptoms were rated as \u201cimproved.\u201d The presence of mania (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.033) or euphoria\/elevated mood (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.041) were the pretreatment symptoms significantly associated with an \u201cimproved\u201d rating. The mean lithium blood level was 0.70\u2009mEq\/L (SD=0.26), and the average length of lithium treatment was 29.7 days (SD=23.9). Forty-seven percent of patients were reported to have at least one side effect, most commonly vomiting (13%), tremor (10%), fatigue (10%), irritability (7%), and enuresis (7%).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This preliminary assessment of lithium in children and adolescents with ASD suggests that lithium may be a medication of interest for those who exhibit two or more mood disorder symptoms, particularly mania or euphoria\/elevated mood. A relatively high side effect rate merits caution, and these results are limited by the retrospective, uncontrolled study design. Future study of lithium in a prospective trial with treatment-sensitive outcome measures may be indicated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,5]],"date-time":"2014-08-05T16:53:05Z","timestamp":1407257585000},"page":"399-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Preliminary Investigation of Lithium for Mood Disorder Symptoms in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Matthew","family":"Siegel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Tufts University School of Medicine"},{"name":"Spring Harbor Hospital"},{"name":"Maine Medical Center Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carol A.","family":"Beresford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado"},{"name":"Childrens Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madisun","family":"Bunker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spring Harbor Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary","family":"Verdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spring Harbor Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donna","family":"Vishnevetsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cassie","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Colorado"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olivia","family":"Teer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spring Harbor Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Stedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spring Harbor Hospital"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kahsi A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Maine Medical Center Research Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. Text Revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537617"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders \u2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008","volume":"61","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2012","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders \u2014 Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 14 sites, United States, 2008. MMWR Surveill Summ, 61:1\u201319, 2012.","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guy W: Clinical Global Impression Scale. ECDEU Assessment Manual for Psychopharmacology. Rockville MD: United States Department of Health Education and Welfare Public Health Psychopharmacology Research Branch Division of Extramural Research Programs; 1976.","DOI":"10.1037\/e591322011-001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Lithium carbonate in the treatment of two patients with infantile autism and atypical bipolar symptomatology","volume":"7","author":"Kerbeshian J","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kerbeshian J, , Burd L, , Fisher W: Lithium carbonate in the treatment of two patients with infantile autism and atypical bipolar symptomatology. J Clin Adolesc Psychiatry, 7:401\u2013405, 1987.","journal-title":"J Clin Adolesc Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-006-0123-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2011-0427"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-011-1399-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198726060-00021"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/cap.2014.0019","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/cap.2014.0019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/cap.2014.0019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:56:02Z","timestamp":1777388162000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/cap.2014.0019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]},"references-count":9,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/cap.2014.0019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2014.0019","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-5463","1557-8992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,9]]}}}