{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:10:22Z","timestamp":1790665822221,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antineuronal antibodies have been implicated in tic and obsessive compulsive disorders (OCD) associated with group A streptococcal infections. We investigated antineuronal autoantibody levels as well as antibody-mediated neuronal cell signaling activity, as previously reported for Sydenham chorea and pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with streptococci (PANDAS), to determine immunological profiles for a large cohort of children with tics and\/or OCD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Study participants (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =311; ages 4\u201327 years, 66% male) were selected from a larger group of individuals with self-reported neuropsychiatric symptoms (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =742) and included only those with accurate knowledge of group A streptococcal infection status, except for four individuals in whom streptococcal infection status was unknown. Healthy control samples (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =16; ages 5\u201314 years, 81% male), came from the National Institute of Mental Health and Yale University. In addition to serum donations, participants and\/or legal guardians provided neuropsychiatric and related medical histories of symptoms that had lasted &gt;1 year. Antineuronal immunoglobulin G (IgG) titers were measured by standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay\n                      <jats:bold>(<\/jats:bold>\n                      ELISA) and compared with mean titers of normal age-matched sera against lysoganglioside, tubulin, and dopamine receptors (D1R and D2R). Antibody-mediated signaling of calcium calmodulin dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity in a human neuronal cell line (SK-N-SH) was tested in serum.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of 311 individuals, 222 (71%) had evidence of group A streptococcal infection, which was associated with tics and\/or OCD status (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.0087). Sera from individuals with tics and\/or OCD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =261) had evidence of elevated serum IgG antibodies against human D1R (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.0001) and lysoganglioside (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.0001), and higher serum activation of CaMKII activity (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.0001) in a human neuronal cell line compared with healthy controls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      =16). Furthermore, patients with tics and OCD had significantly increased activation of CaMKII activity compared with patients with only tics or only OCD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;0.033 for each).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study suggested a significant correlation of streptococcal-associated tics and OCD with elevated anti-D1R and antilysoganglioside antineuronal antibodies in serum concomitant with higher activation of CaMKII in human neuronal cells. Youth and young adults with chronic tics and OCD may have underlying infectious\/immunologic etiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]],"date-time":"2015-02-06T16:59:32Z","timestamp":1423241972000},"page":"76-85","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Antineuronal Antibodies in a Heterogeneous Group of Youth and Young Adults with Tics and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Carol J.","family":"Cox","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amir J.","family":"Zuccolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica V.","family":"Edwards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adita","family":"Mascaro-Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathy","family":"Alvarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Stoner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiki","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madeleine W.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199503000-00015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. 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