{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T11:51:35Z","timestamp":1789041095457,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]],"date-time":"2015-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422748800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Studies have noted immunological disruptions in patients with tic disorders, including increased serum cytokine levels. This study aimed to determine whether or not cytokine levels could be correlated with tic symptom severity in patients with a diagnosed tic disorder.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Twenty-one patients, ages 4\u201317 years (average 10.63\u00b12.34 years, 13 males), with a clinical diagnosis of Tourette's syndrome (TS) or chronic tic disorder (CTD), were selected based on having clinic visits that coincided with a tic symptom exacerbation and a remission. Ratings of tic severity were assessed using the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS) and serum cytokine levels (interleukin [IL]-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12p70, IL-13, interferon [IFN]-\u03b3, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-\u03b1, and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor [GM-CSF]) were measured using Luminex xMAP technology.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n During tic symptom exacerbation, patients had higher median serum TNF-\u03b1 levels (\n z<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22121.962,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.05), particularly those on antipsychotics (\n U<\/jats:italic>\n =9.00,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.033). Increased IL-13 was also associated with antipsychotic use during exacerbation (\n U<\/jats:italic>\n =4.00,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.043) despite being negatively correlated to tic severity scores (\n \u03c1<\/jats:italic>\n =\u22120.599,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =018), whereas increased IL-5 was associated with antibiotic use (\n U<\/jats:italic>\n =6.5,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.035). During tic symptom remission, increased serum IL-4 levels were associated with antipsychotic (\n U<\/jats:italic>\n =6.00,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.047) and antibiotic (\n U<\/jats:italic>\n =1.00,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.016) use, whereas increased IL-12p70 (\n U<\/jats:italic>\n =4.00,\n p<\/jats:italic>\n =0.037) was associated with antibiotic use.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n These findings suggest a role for cytokine dysregulation in the pathogenesis of tic disorders. It also points toward the mechanistic involvement and potential diagnostic utility of cytokine monitoring, particularly TNF-\u03b1 levels. Larger, systematic studies are necessary to further delineate the role of cytokines and medication influences on immunological profiling in tic disorders.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,6]],"date-time":"2015-02-06T16:59:33Z","timestamp":1423241973000},"page":"86-92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cytokine Correlations in Youth with Tic Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"E. Carla","family":"Parker-Athill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Ehrhart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine"},{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya K.","family":"Murphy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine"},{"name":"University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9758\/cpn.2013.11.3.144"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.2.984"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_1","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed. 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