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We hypothesized that an 8 week Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      supplementation would improve symptoms of mania, decrease ACC glutamate, and increase ACC GABA in BSD patients. Single time point metabolite levels were also evaluated in typically developing children (TD).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The BSD group included patients not only diagnosed with BD but also those exhibiting bipolar symptomology, including BD not otherwise specified (BD-NOS) and subthreshold mood ratings (Young Mania Rating Scale [YMRS] \u22658 and Clinical Global Impressions - Severity [CGI-S] \u22653). Inclusion criteria were: male or female participants, 6\u201317 years old. Sixteen youth with BSD exhibiting manic symptoms and 19 TD were included. BSD patients were asked to a take daily dose (2000\u2009IU) of Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      (for 8 weeks) as a supplement. Neuroimaging data were acquired in both groups at baseline, and also for the BSD group at the end of 8 week Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      supplementation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Baseline ACC GABA\/creatine (Cr) was lower in BSD than in TD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                      [1,31]=8.91,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.007). Following an 8 week Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      supplementation, in BSD patients, there was a significant decrease in YMRS scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22123.66,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.002,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">df<\/jats:italic>\n                      =15) and Children's Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      =\u22122.93,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.01,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">df<\/jats:italic>\n                      =15); and a significant increase in ACC GABA (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      =3.18,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      =0.007,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">df<\/jats:italic>\n                      =14).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Following an 8 week open label trial with Vitamin D\n                      <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                      , BSD patients exhibited improvement in their mood symptoms in conjunction with their brain neurochemistry.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T14:19:32Z","timestamp":1434723572000},"page":"415-424","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Vitamin D\n                    <sub>3<\/sub>\n                    Supplemental Treatment for Mania in Youth with Bipolar Spectrum Disorders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Elif M.","family":"Sikoglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School"},{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School"},{"name":"University of Massachusetts Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana A. 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