{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T06:50:52Z","timestamp":1793343052996,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Irritability in disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) may be associated with a biased tendency to judge ambiguous facial expressions as angry. We conducted three experiments to explore this bias as a treatment target. We tested: 1) whether youth with DMDD express this bias; 2) whether judgment of ambiguous faces can be altered in healthy youth by training; and 3) whether such training in youth with DMDD is associated with reduced irritability and associated changes in brain function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Participants in all experiments made happy versus angry judgments of faces that varied along a happy to angry continuum. These judgments were used to quantify a \u201cbalance point,\u201d the facial expression at which a participant's judgment switches from predominantly happy to predominantly angry. We first compared balance points in youth with DMDD (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200963) versus healthy youth (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200926). We then conducted a double-blind, randomized controlled trial of active versus sham balance-point training in 19 healthy youth. Finally, we piloted open, active balance-point training in 14 youth with DMDD, with 10 completing an implicit functional MRI (fMRI) face-emotion processing task.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Relative to healthy youth, DMDD youth manifested a shifted balance point, expressed as a tendency to classify ambiguous faces as angry rather than happy. In both healthy and DMDD youth, active training is associated with a shift in balance point toward more happy judgments. In DMDD, evidence suggests that active training may be associated with decreased irritability and changes in activation in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These results set the stage for further research on computer-based treatment targeting interpretation bias of angry faces in DMDD. Such treatment may decrease irritability and alter neural responses to subtle expressions of happiness and anger.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,8]],"date-time":"2016-01-08T23:36:47Z","timestamp":1452296207000},"page":"49-57","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["An Open Pilot Study of Training Hostile Interpretation Bias to Treat Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Joel","family":"Stoddard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Banafsheh","family":"Sharif-Askary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Harkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather R.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa A.","family":"Brotman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian S.","family":"Penton-Voak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keren","family":"Maoz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yair","family":"Bar-Haim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tel Aviv University","place":["Israel"]},{"name":"Tel Aviv University","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus","family":"Munaf\u00f2","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit at the University of Bristol","place":["United Kingdom"]},{"name":"University of Bristol","place":["United Kingdom"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Pine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ellen","family":"Leibenluft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th ed. 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