{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T10:22:26Z","timestamp":1778494946028,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,1]],"date-time":"2019-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1551398400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuroimaging studies of adults with bipolar disorder (BD) have identified several BD subtype distinctions, including greater deficits in prefrontal gray matter volumes in BD-I (bipolar I disorder) compared to BD-II (bipolar II disorder). We sought to investigate BD subtype differences in brain structure among adolescents and young adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Forty-four youth with BD (14 BD-I, 16 BD-II, and 14 BD-not otherwise specified [NOS], mean age 17) underwent 3T-MRI and images were analyzed using FreeSurfer software. Cortical volume and thickness were analyzed for region of interest (ROI): ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, ventromedial prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), subgenual cingulate cortex, and amygdala, controlling for age, sex, and total intracranial volume. ROIs were selected as found to be implicated in BD in prior studies. A whole brain vertex-wise exploratory analysis was also performed. Uncorrected results are presented.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      There were group differences in ACC thickness (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20093.88,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.03, \u03b7\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.173 uncorrected), which was reduced in BD-II in comparison to BD-I (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.027 uncorrected) and BD-NOS (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.019 uncorrected). These results did not survive correction for multiple comparisons and no other group differences were observed. The exploratory vertex-wise analysis found a similar pattern of lower cortical thickness in BD-II in the left and right superior frontal gyrus and left caudal middle frontal gyrus.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study found reduced cortical thickness for youth with BD-II, relative to BD-I, in regions associated with cognitive control. Further neurostructural differences between subtypes may emerge later during the course of illness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,25]],"date-time":"2018-10-25T17:22:43Z","timestamp":1540488163000},"page":"141-151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Cortical Volume and Thickness Across Bipolar Disorder Subtypes in Adolescents: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Simina","family":"Toma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alvi H.","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arron W.S.","family":"Metcalfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Brain Sciences","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel H.B.","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Fiksenbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"MacIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Sciences","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Benjamin I.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Youth Bipolar Disorder","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"Heart and Stroke Foundation Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","article-title":"Cortical thickness, volume and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II","volume":"41","author":"Ab\u00e9 C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Ab\u00e9 C, , Ekman C-J, , Sellgren C, , Petrovic P, , Ingvar M, , Land\u00e9n M: Cortical thickness, volume and surface area in patients with bipolar disorder types I and II. 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