{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:09:54Z","timestamp":1787008194163,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,1]],"date-time":"2020-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the incidence of acute dystonic reactions (ADRs) and risk factors for ADRs in children and adolescents treated with antipsychotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a retrospective chart review-based cohort study of consecutive patients who attended a university hospital's child and adolescent psychiatry department between 2015 and 2017 and who were treated with antipsychotics and had at least two follow-up visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty of 441 patients (6.8%) 4\u201319 years of age who were treated with antipsychotics for conduct disorders (21.5%), attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (13.2%) and, irritability and aggression that accompanied intellectual disability (12.9%) and followed for 99.5\u2009\u00b1\u2009223.3 (median: 34) days developed ADRs. ADRs developed in 11\/391 patients (2.8%) treated with one antipsychotic and 19\/50 patients (38.0%) treated with two antipsychotics (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). In patients treated with one antipsychotic that developed ADRs, the time to ADRs was 4.0\u2009\u00b1\u20094.0 days after antipsychotic initiation and 2.7\u2009\u00b1\u20092.4 days after an increase in the antipsychotic dose. The time to ADRs in those treated with two antipsychotics was 3.0\u2009\u00b1\u20092.3 days after the addition of the second antipsychotic and 1.6\u2009\u00b1\u20090.8 days after a dose increase in the second antipsychotic. The incidence of ADRs during antipsychotic monotherapy was 10.5% with first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) and 2.2% with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.037). The antipsychotic was changed due to ADRs in 12\/30 (40.0%) of ADR cases. Independent factors associated with ADRs were antipsychotic polypharmacy (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001), inpatient treatment (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.013), FGA use (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.015), and diagnoses of schizophrenia (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.039) or bipolar disorder (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>SGAs and low-potency FGA monotherapy in children and adolescents were associated with a relatively low ADR risk, whereas high- and mid-potency FGAs were associated with a high risk. Independent predictors of ADRs were antipsychotic polypharmacy, inpatient treatment, FGAs, and schizophrenia or bipolar disorder diagnoses, which may be related to more aggressive antipsychotic dosing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T17:49:55Z","timestamp":1586281795000},"page":"366-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Frequency and Correlates of Acute Dystonic Reactions After Antipsychotic Initiation in 441 Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Selma","family":"Tural Hesapcioglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Fatih","family":"Ceylan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"G\u00f6zde","family":"Kandemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meryem","family":"Kasak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cansu P\u0131nar","family":"Sen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Turkey."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph U.","family":"Correll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Northwell Health, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA."},{"name":"Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charit\u00e9 Universit\u00e4ts medizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2009.196"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.151.12.1819"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11096-007-9139-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363050-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2004","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association: Practice guideline for the treatment of patients with schizophrenia, second edition. 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