{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T19:19:49Z","timestamp":1790968789885,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Prior studies demonstrate elevated cortical glutamate (Glu) in patients with bipolar disorder (BD). Studies assessing neurochemistry in early stages of bipolar illness before the emergence of manic symptoms are lacking. This study aimed to examine neurochemical correlates measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      H-MRS) and a dimensional measure of bipolarity in a sample of depressed adolescents.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Adolescent participants (aged 13\u201321 years) underwent a semistructured diagnostic interview and clinical assessment, which included the General Behavior Inventory Parent Version (P-GBI), a 73-item, parent-rated assessment of symptoms and behaviors.\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      H-MRS scans of a left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L-DLPFC) voxel (8\u2009cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ) were collected using a two-dimensional\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">J<\/jats:italic>\n                      -averaged sequence to assess\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      -acetylaspartate (NAA), Glu, Glx (glutamate + glutamine), and NAA\/Glx concentrations. We used generalized linear models to assess the relationships between P-GBI scores and metabolite levels in L-DLPFC.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Thirty-six participants (17 healthy controls, 19 depressed) underwent\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      H-MRS scans and clinical evaluation with the P-GBI. There was a significant negative relationship between P-GBI score and L-DLPFC NAA\/Glx in the whole sample. However, the magnitude of the effect was small and statistical significance was lost after correcting for multiple comparisons.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      These preliminary results suggest that NAA\/Glx may have utility as a marker of bipolar traits in healthy and depressed adolescents. If replicated,\n                      <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                      H-MRS measures of glutamatergic metabolism anomalies might have a role in identifying depressed adolescents at risk for mixed symptom presentations or BD. Identifying bipolarity in the early stages of the disease would have a significant impact on treatment planning and prognosis. Further longitudinal studies should examine neurochemical correlates of mood state during the developmental emergence of BD.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2020.0082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T12:32:11Z","timestamp":1605184331000},"page":"599-605","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Glutamatergic Correlates of Bipolar Symptoms in Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"A. Irem","family":"Sonmez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles P.","family":"Lewis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Port","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Cabello-Arreola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caren J.","family":"Blacker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhedita J.","family":"Seewoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alastair J.","family":"McKean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jarrod M.","family":"Leffler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark A.","family":"Frye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Croarkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhw350"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20875"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12285"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1399-5618.2003.00087.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","unstructured":"Depue R: General behavior inventory. Ithaca (New York) Department of Psychology Cornell University 1987."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2002.40102.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5618.2012.01033.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1099-1492(200005)13:3<129::AID-NBM619>3.0.CO;2-V"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.20007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.6.530"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199707000-00021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3844"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2006.10.070"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0327(94)90104-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(02)01401-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2007.151"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000020"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2007.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-198403000-00011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nbm.698"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2005.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.083840"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","first-page":"010","article-title":"A review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in marijuana using adolescents and adults","volume":"4","author":"Sneider JT","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sneider JT, , Mashhoon Y, , Silveri MM: A review of magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies in marijuana using adolescents and adults. J Addict Res Ther Suppl, 4:010, 2013.","journal-title":"J Addict Res Ther Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2002.tb00253.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1399-5618.2000.020302.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2018.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.02.059"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.chi.0000125091.35109.1e"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.13.2.267"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10673229.2010.511059"}],"container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/cap.2020.0082","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/cap.2020.0082","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/cap.2020.0082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:55:39Z","timestamp":1777388139000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/cap.2020.0082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/cap.2020.0082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2020.0082","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-5463","1557-8992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}}}