{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T12:11:08Z","timestamp":1792066268801,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,1]],"date-time":"2023-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682899200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare the prevalence of psychotropic medication dispensing among youth in foster care with those among nonfoster youth on Medicaid.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Children ages 1\u201318 years in a region of a large southern state who were enrolled in their respective Medicaid plan for at least 30 days between 2014 and 2016 and had at least one health care claim were included. Medicaid prescription claims were categorized by class: alpha agonists, anxiolytics, antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, and stimulants. Primary mental health (MH) or developmental disorder (DD) diagnostic groups were identified for each class. Analyses included chi-square tests,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -tests, Wilcoxon sign rank tests, and logistic regression.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 388,914 nonfoster and 8426 children in foster care were included. Overall, 8% of nonfoster and 35% of foster youth were dispensed at least one prescription for a psychotropic medication. Prevalence was higher for youth in care within each drug class and, with one exception, across all age groups. Among children dispensed a psychotropic medication, the mean number of drug classes dispensed was 1.4 (SD 0.8) and 2.9 (SD 1.4) for nonfoster and foster youth, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.000). Except for anxiolytics and mood stabilizers, more children in foster care were dispensed psychotropic medications without an MH or DD diagnosis. Finally, children in foster care experienced 6.8 (95% CI: 6.5\u20137.2) times higher odds of being dispensed a psychotropic medication than their nonfoster peers, after controlling for age group, gender, and number of mental and developmental diagnoses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Across all age groups, children in foster care on Medicaid were dispensed psychotropic medications disproportionately more than their nonfoster peers on Medicaid. In addition, children in foster care were significantly more likely to dispense psychotropic medication absent an MH or DD diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2022.0092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T09:38:10Z","timestamp":1684489090000},"page":"149-155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Psychotropic Medication Prescribing: Youth in Foster Care Compared with Other Medicaid Enrollees"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2468-6644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachael J.","family":"Keefe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Division of Public Health Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela D. L.","family":"Cummings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Division of Public Health Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashley E.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4180-684X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher S.","family":"Greeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Division of Public Health Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bethanie S.","family":"Van Horne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."},{"name":"Division of Public Health Pediatrics, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.2053"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.2896"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"Childrens' Hospital Association. Mental Health Disorder Codes. n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.childrenshospitals.org\/Research-and-Data\/Pediatric-Data-and-Trends\/2019\/Mental-Health-Disorder-Codes [Last accessed: October 1 2020]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-2655"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2010-2970"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.91.7.1094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Mental health and developmental disorder diagnoses of foster and nonfoster children enrolled in Medicaid","author":"Keefe RJ","year":"2021","unstructured":"Keefe RJ, , Cummings ADL, , Greeley CS, et al. Mental health and developmental disorder diagnoses of foster and nonfoster children enrolled in Medicaid. J Dev Behav Pediatr, 2021; doi: 10.1097\/DBP.0000000000001030","journal-title":"J Dev Behav Pediatr"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18553\/jmcp.2018.24.3.238"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","unstructured":"Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of State Health Services and Department of Family and Protective Services. Use of Psychoactive Medication in Texas Foster Children State Fiscal Year. 2006. Available from: https:\/\/dfps.texas.gov\/Child_Protection\/Medical_Services\/documents\/reports\/2006-06_Use_of_Psychotropic_Medications_in_Foster_Child.pdf [Last accessed: March 11 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","unstructured":"Texas Health and Human Services Commission Department of State Health Services and Department of Family and Protective Services. Update on the Use of Psychotropic Medications for Children in Texas Foster Care: State Fiscal Years 2002\u20132019 Data Report. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.hhs.texas.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/documents\/laws-regulations\/reports-presentations\/2021\/psychotropic-meds-tx-foster-care-fy2002-2019.pdf [Last accessed: March 11 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","unstructured":"United States Government Accountability Office. HHS Guidance Could Help States Improve Oversight of Psychotropic Prescriptions Report to Congressional Requesters. 2011. Available from: https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/assets\/gao-12-201.pdf [Last accessed: March 11 2023]."}],"container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/cap.2022.0092","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/cap.2022.0092","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/cap.2022.0092","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:56:37Z","timestamp":1777388197000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/cap.2022.0092"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/cap.2022.0092"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/cap.2022.0092","relation":{},"ISSN":["1044-5463","1557-8992"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1044-5463","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8992","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]}}}