{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T17:38:33Z","timestamp":1780508313084,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,1]],"date-time":"2023-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1698796800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Individuals with Pediatric Acute Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome (PANS) experience neuropsychiatric symptoms following an infection or other trigger. Although PANS is typically described as relapsing-remitting, a large community-based 2017 study revealed a range of courses. The present study examined clinical predictors of symptom persistence, measured as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">% days symptom-free<\/jats:italic>\n                      , in this same sample.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 146-question online survey gathered histories (infections and other triggers, medical and developmental comorbidities), symptomatology, interventions, and outcomes (including school functioning) of PANS patients. Multivariate analyses were applied to examine associations between these variables and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">% days symptom-free<\/jats:italic>\n                      across the disease course.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the 646 subjects included, significant relationships were found between greater symptom persistence and higher rates of medical comorbidities (especially rashes, headaches, chronic sinusitis, frequent diarrhea, and immune deficiencies), developmental diagnoses, and respondent-perceived developmental lags. Subjects with greater symptom persistence were significantly more likely to report PANS exacerbations associated with infections in close contacts, vaccinations, environmental triggers, and exacerbations of comorbidities and were more likely to report PANS recurrences triggered by Epstein Barr Virus, mycoplasma, and sinus infections. More persistent PANS was also associated with significantly higher frequencies of certain symptoms (sleep disturbance, urinary incontinence, muscle pain, brain fog, sensory defensiveness, irritability, and aggression-related symptoms), less effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin in combating symptoms, and more difficulty attending school.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results suggest high symptom persistence in PANS to be associated with more pervasive medical and neuropsychiatric symptoms. Differences in symptom persistence are associated with both intrinsic (e.g., immune competence) and extrinsic (e.g., infections, treatment) factors. Because extrinsic factors are potentially modifiable, it is critical that providers be aware of current guidelines on PANS evaluation and treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2023.0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,30]],"date-time":"2023-10-30T12:15:06Z","timestamp":1698668106000},"page":"365-377","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Factors Associated with Symptom Persistence in PANS: Part II\u2014Presenting Features, Medical Comorbidities, and IVIG Treatment History"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6879-7525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise","family":"Calaprice-Whitty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA."},{"name":"Brain Inflammation Collaborative, Delafield, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0996-0692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janice","family":"Tona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Science, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2012.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182050388"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.13712"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2017.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2023.0022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0105"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2017.0101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0167"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0084"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18115936"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0151"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.19.2367"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2007.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.15805"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2014.0081"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2016.0148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-021-01135-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08039488.2018.1493747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbih.2020.100154"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01090"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.13569"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.1990.tb05339.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s2352-4642(18)30404-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","unstructured":"The Joint Commission Diagnostic overshadowing among groups experiencing health disparities. 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