{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T06:34:23Z","timestamp":1780382063276,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Abstract: Background:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    Chlorhexidine is an antiseptic that may cause allergic contact dermatitis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Objectives:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    To describe the epidemiology of chlorhexidine allergy and characterize positive patch test reactions.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    This retrospective study analyzed patients patch tested to chlorhexidine digluconate 1% aqueous by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group, 2015\u20132020.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    Of 14,731 patients tested to chlorhexidine digluconate, 107 (0.7%) had an allergic reaction; of these, 56 (52.3%) reactions were currently clinically relevant. Most (59%) reactions were mild (+), followed by strong (++, 18.7%) and very strong (+++, 6.5%). Common primary dermatitis anatomic sites in chlorhexidine-positive patients were hands (26.4%), face (24.5%), and scattered\/generalized distribution (17.9%). Compared with negative patients, chlorhexidine-positive patients were significantly more likely to have dermatitis involving the trunk (11.3% vs 5.1%;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.0036). The most commonly identified source category was skin\/health care products (n\u2009=\u200941, 38.3%). Only 11 (10.3%) chlorhexidine reactions were occupationally related; of these, 81.8% were in health care workers.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    Chlorhexidine digluconate allergy is uncommon, but often clinically relevant. Involvement of the hands, face, and scattered generalized patterns was frequent. Occupationally related reactions were found predominantly in health care workers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/derm.2023.0077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,6]],"date-time":"2023-06-06T13:06:59Z","timestamp":1686056819000},"page":"501-508","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Patch Testing to Chlorhexidine Digluconate, 1% Aqueous: North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience, 2015\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6177-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin M.","family":"Warshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the,  Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joohee","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the,  Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Kullberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"From the,  Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Minneapolis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel G.","family":"DeKoven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6522-1483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brandon L.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3686-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan I.","family":"Silverberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie-Claude","family":"Houle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, CHU de Quebec, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie D.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald V.","family":"Belsito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical School, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiade","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina C.","family":"Botto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margo J.","family":"Reeder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7434-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amber R.","family":"Atwater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory A.","family":"Dunnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical 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