{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:45:54Z","timestamp":1787751954285,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,16]],"date-time":"2023-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1700092800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Dermatitis\u00ae"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Abstract: Background\/Objectives:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    Paraphenylenediamine (PPD) is an aromatic amine dye that may cause allergic contact dermatitis. This study examines the epidemiology of allergic patch test reactions to PPD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Methods:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    This retrospective analysis characterizes individuals tested to PPD (1% petrolatum) by the North American Contact Dermatitis Group (1994\u20132018). Demographics and dermatitis site(s) were compared between PPD-allergic and PPD-negative patients. PPD reactions were analyzed by reaction strength, clinical relevance, occupational relatedness, and source as well as coreactivity with structurally related compounds.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Results:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    Of 54,917 patients tested to PPD, 3095 (5.6%) had an allergic patch test reaction. Compared with PPD-negative patients, PPD-allergic patients had significantly greater odds of age &gt;40 years (odds ratio [OR] 1.55 [95% confidence interval; CI 1.43\u20131.69]) and female gender (OR 1.52 [95% CI 1.41\u20131.66]), but lower odds of being White (OR 0.66 [95% CI 0.60\u20130.71]). The most common primary anatomic sites of dermatitis were face (25.5%), hands (21.9%), and scattered\/generalized pattern (15.5%). Over half (55.3%) of PPD reactions were ++ or +++ at the final reading and 60.9% were currently relevant. Common exposure sources included hair dye (73.5%) and clothing\/shoes\/apparel (3.9%). Occupationally related reactions occurred in 8.3%, most commonly in hairdressers\/cosmetologists (72.8%). The most common coreactions were benzocaine (11.3%),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    -isopropyl-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2032-phenyl-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    -phenylenediamine (6.7%), disperse dye mix (6.5%), and black rubber mix (5.1%).\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:underline>\n                      <jats:bold>\n                        <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Conclusions:<\/jats:italic>\n                      <\/jats:bold>\n                    <\/jats:underline>\n                    The 24-year percentage of allergic reactions to PPD was 5.6%. PPD allergy was associated with female gender and age &gt;40 years. PPD allergic patients were less likely to be White. Allergic reactions were usually clinically relevant and hair dye was the most frequently identified source.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/derm.2023.0140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,31]],"date-time":"2023-07-31T12:11:36Z","timestamp":1690805496000},"page":"536-546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Patch Testing to Paraphenylenediamine: The North American Contact Dermatitis Group Experience (1994\u20132018)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6177-0656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erin M.","family":"Warshaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"From the,  Department of Dermatology, Park Nicollet\/Health Partners Health Services, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA."},{"name":"Department of Dermatology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 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of Dermatology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melanie D.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James S.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1229-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donald V.","family":"Belsito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical School, New York, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3686-7805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan 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