{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T23:41:24Z","timestamp":1793317284600,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]],"date-time":"2016-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1454284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Technology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides information unattainable by intermittent capillary blood glucose, including instantaneous real-time display of glucose level and rate of change of glucose, alerts and alarms for actual or impending hypo- and hyperglycemia, \u201c24\/7\u201d coverage, and the ability to characterize glycemic variability. Progressively more accurate and precise, reasonably unobtrusive, small, comfortable, user-friendly devices connect to the Internet to share information and are\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">sine qua non<\/jats:italic>\n                    for a closed-loop artificial pancreas. CGM can inform, educate, motivate, and alert people with diabetes. CGM is medically indicated for patients with frequent, severe, or nocturnal hypoglycemia, especially in the presence of hypoglycemia unawareness. Surprisingly, despite tremendous advances, utilization of CGM has remained fairly limited to date. Barriers to use have included the following: (1) lack of Food and Drug Administration approval, to date, for insulin dosing (\u201cnonadjuvant use\u201d) in the United States and for use in hospital and intensive care unit settings; (2) cost and variable reimbursement; (3) need for recalibrations; (4) periodic replacement of sensors; (5) day-to-day variability in glycemic patterns, which can limit the predictability of findings based on retrospective, masked \u201cprofessional\u201d use; (6) time, implicit costs, and inconvenience for uploading of data for retrospective analysis; (7) lack of fair and reasonable reimbursement for physician time; (8) inexperience and lack of training of physicians and other healthcare professionals regarding interpretation of CGM results; (9) lack of standardization of software methods for analysis of CGM data; and (10) need for professional medical organizations to develop and disseminate additional clinical practice guidelines regarding the role of CGM. Ongoing advances in technology and clinical research have addressed several of these barriers. Use of CGM in conjunction with an insulin pump with automated suspension of insulin infusion in response to actual observed or predicted hypoglycemia, as well as progressive refinement of closed-loop systems, is expected to dramatically enhance the clinical utility and utilization of CGM.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2015.0417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,19]],"date-time":"2016-01-19T14:58:58Z","timestamp":1453215538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":559,"title":["Continuous Glucose Monitoring: A Review of Successes, Challenges, and Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Rodbard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Informatics Consultants LLC"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152091500316737"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814532203"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815578716"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296815577812"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-1502"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2010.0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-183"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1932296814565661"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2756"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/193229681100500320"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3111\/13696998.2015.1113979"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","unstructured":"Golden SH Brown T Yeh HC Maruthur N Ranasinghe P Berger Z Suh Y Wilson LM Haberl EB Bass EB: Methods for Insulin Delivery and Glucose Monitoring: Comparative Effectiveness. 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