{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T05:49:31Z","timestamp":1788414571876,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]],"date-time":"2022-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656460800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Technology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Large-scale screening of the general population for islet autoantibodies (IAbs) to detect type 1 diabetes (T1D) has started worldwide. The standard screening method of separate radio-binding assay (RBA) for each IAb is an inefficient bottleneck. Furthermore, most positive results by RBA in screening of general population individuals without a clinical diagnosis of T1D are low-affinity and not predictive of future diabetes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We have developed and validated a novel 6-Plex assay based on electrochemiluminescence (ECL) technology that combines in a single well high-affinity IAbs (to insulin, GAD, IA-2, and ZnT8), transglutaminase autoantibodies for celiac disease, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 antibodies. The Autoimmunity Screening for Kids (ASK) provided 880 serum samples, from 828 children aged 1\u201317 years without diabetes who were previously tested for IAbs using single ECL assays and RBA assays.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Levels of all six antibodies in the 6-Plex ECL assay correlated well with respective single ECL assay levels. Similar to single ECL assays, the 6-Plex ECL assay positivity was congruent with the RBA in 95% (35\/37) of children who later developed T1D and in 88% (105\/119) high-risk children with multiple IAbs. In contrast, only 56% (86\/154,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) of children with persistent single IAb by RBA were found to be positive by 6-Plex ECL assay. Of 555 samples negative for all IAbs by RBA, few (0.2%\u20130.5%) were positive at low levels in the 6-Plex ECL assay.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrated that the 6-Plex ECL assay compares favorably to the standard RBAs in terms of disease specificity for general population screening in children. The 6-Plex ECL assay was therefore adopted as the primary screening tool in the general population screening ASK program with advantages of high efficiency, low cost, and low serum volume.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2021.0517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,3]],"date-time":"2022-03-03T10:10:28Z","timestamp":1646302228000},"page":"502-509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["High-Throughput Multiplex Electrochemiluminescence Assay Applicable to General Population Screening for Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China."},{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaofan","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristy Geno","family":"Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Waugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmei","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fran","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Frohnert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea K.","family":"Steck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0560-5773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kimber M.","family":"Simmons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian","family":"Rewers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0664-2154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liping","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1447.062"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1837"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.6285"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2014.0186"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db11-0670"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2245"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-0534"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","article-title":"High-affinity ZnT8 autoantibodies by electrochemiluminescence assay improve risk prediction for type 1 diabetes","volume":"3","author":"Jia X","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jia X, , He L, , Miao D, et al.: High-affinity ZnT8 autoantibodies by electrochemiluminescence assay improve risk prediction for type 1 diabetes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 2021; 3:dgab575.","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","first-page":"159","article-title":"A high-throughput electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex assay simultaneously screening for type 1 diabetes and multiple autoimmune diseases","volume":"29","author":"Jia X","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jia X, , He L, , Gu Y, et al.: A high-throughput electrochemiluminescence 7-Plex assay simultaneously screening for type 1 diabetes and multiple autoimmune diseases. 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