{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T21:47:32Z","timestamp":1791496052056,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]],"date-time":"2023-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Technology &amp; Therapeutics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Despite increased use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, studies to quantify patterns of CGM use are limited. In December 2018, a policy change by a commercial insurer expanded coverage of CGM through the pharmacy benefit, creating an opportunity to evaluate the impact of this change on CGM utilization.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research Design and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pharmacy and medical claims from 2016 to 2020 were used to estimate the prevalence of CGM use among insulin users with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) before and after the policy change. Change in CGM use was assessed using an interrupted time series design.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      At the beginning of the study period, 18.8% of T1DM patients and 1.2% of T2DM patients used CGM. Use rose to 30.5% and 6.6% in the quarter before the policy change. The policy resulted in an immediate 9.5% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) and 2.8% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001) change in use and increased the rate of quarterly change by 0.5% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002) and 0.8% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.0001). At the end of the study period, 58.2% and 14.9% of T1DM and T2DM patients used CGM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CGM use significantly increased after addition to the pharmacy benefit. Rate of change in CGM use was lower in T1DM compared to the T2DM population, but overall use remained higher among patients with T1DM. Increased CGM use in the population studied aligns with those whose clinical guidelines suggest would most likely benefit. Additional work is needed to evaluate the impact of this benefit change on health care spending and outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2022.0418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,8]],"date-time":"2022-12-08T11:50:57Z","timestamp":1670500257000},"page":"169-177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Impact of Expanding Access to Continuous Glucose Monitoring Systems Among Insulin Users with Type 1 or Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8114-5652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shweta","family":"Pathak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cecil G. Sheps Center for Health Services Research, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristina","family":"Kearin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2701-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna R.","family":"Kahkoska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn A.","family":"Fuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley","family":"Staats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Kenan-Flagler Business School, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Albright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BlueCross BlueShield North Carolina, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Til","family":"St\u00fcrmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Buse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin Y.","family":"Urick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Carolina Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Prime Therapeutics, LLC, Eagan, Minnesota, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2","unstructured":"CDC. National Diabetes Statistics Report 2020. Estimates of Diabetes and Its Burden in the United States. 2020. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/diabetes\/data\/statistics-report\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DCI18-0007\/-\/DC1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S12265-012-9388-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control Diabetes Translation Division. Long-Term Trends in Diabetes. 2017. 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Am J Manag Care, 2019; 25(4):SP123\u2013SP126.","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/CUREUS.5634"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DC19-1459"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S00125-021-05568-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/DC22-S007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_2","unstructured":"National Committee for Quality Assurance. Rethinking Diabetes Care in the Digital Age. 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncqa.org\/white-papers\/rethinking-diabetes-care-in-the-digital-age [Last accessed: August 17 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1855\/3\/JMCP.2022.28.1.85"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/DIA.2021.0557"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJDRC-2018-000547"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13696998.2017.1390474"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_2","unstructured":"U.S. Health Resources & Services Administration. Federal Office of Rural Health Policy (FORHP) Data Files. n.d. Available from: https:\/\/www.hrsa.gov\/rural-health\/about-us\/definition\/datafiles.html [Last accessed: April 18 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_2","unstructured":"Centers for Medicare and Mediciad Services. Risk Adjustment. n.d. 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[Last accessed: March 30 2022]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/DME.14575"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Technology &amp; Therapeutics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/dia.2022.0418","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/dia.2022.0418","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/dia.2022.0418","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T18:13:52Z","timestamp":1777400032000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/dia.2022.0418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/dia.2022.0418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/dia.2022.0418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1520-9156","1557-8593"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1520-9156","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8593","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,28]]}}}