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The response is manifested in terms of viral sequestration, phagocytosis, and inhibition of genome replication, and, finally, if required, lymphocyte-mediated clearance of virally infected cells. During this process, cross-talk between viral and host factors can shape disease outcomes and immunopathology. Bone marrow stromal antigen 2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BST-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), also know as tetherin, is induced by type I interferon produced in response to viral infections, as well as in certain cancers.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BST-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    has been shown to be a host restriction factor of virus multiplication through its ability to physically tether budding virions and restrict viral spread. However,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BST-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    has other roles in the host antiviral response. This review focuses on the diverse functions of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">BST-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and its downstream signaling pathways in regulating host immune responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2019.4777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,10]],"date-time":"2019-09-10T11:13:31Z","timestamp":1568114011000},"page":"1170-1177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Beyond Tethering the Viral Particles: Immunomodulatory Functions of Tetherin (\n                    <i>BST-2<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Ritudhwaj","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan C.","family":"de la Torre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Microbial Science IMM-6, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorian B.","family":"McGavern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Viral Immunology &amp; Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Debasis","family":"Nayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Bioscience and Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-6-80"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1321507111"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","first-page":"250","article-title":"Structural basis for the antiviral activity of BST-2\/tetherin and its viral antagonism","author":"Arias J.F.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arias J.F., , Iwabu Y., , and Tokunaga K. 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