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However, accumulating evidence has revealed another type of phagocyte, the amateur phagocyte (AP), which can also participate in efferocytosis. APs are non-myeloid progenitor\/nonimmune cells that include differentiated cells (e.g., epithelial cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells [ECs]) and stem cells (e.g., neuronal progenitor cells and mesenchymal cells) and can be found throughout the human body. Studies have shown that APs have two prominent roles: identifying and removing dead cells presumably before PPs reach the site of injury and assisting PPs in the removal of cell corpses and the resolution of inflamed tissue. With respect to the engulfment and degradation of dead cells, APs are slower and less efficient than PPs. However, APs are fundamental to preventing the spread of inflammation over a large area. In this review, we present the diversity and characteristics of healthy and non-neoplastic APs in mammals. We also propose a hypothetical mechanism of the efferocytosis of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-opsonized myelin debris by ECs (APs). Furthermore, the ingestion and clearance of dead cells can induce proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory cytokine production, endothelial activation, and cellular fate transition, which contribute to the progression of disease. An understanding of the role of APs is necessary to develop effective intervention strategies, including potential molecular targets for clinical diagnosis and drug development, for inflammation-related diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2020.5647","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T13:41:57Z","timestamp":1610545317000},"page":"157-171","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Unexpected Role of Nonimmune Cells: Amateur Phagocytes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Maic Audo Eybi Mayer","family":"Sihombing","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maharani","family":"Safitri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean","family":"McGinty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biomedical Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Jun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular and Intervention, Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxia","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National United Engineering Laboratory for Biomedical Material Modification, Denzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Systems and Physical Biology, Shenzen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juhui","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guixue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Biorheological Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4012"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms8439"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1116848108"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aax9586"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9861(03)00083-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000000780"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M115.688390"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-018-0018-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aba3239"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0182695","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0182695","article-title":"Cell surface dynamics and cellular distribution of endogenous FcRn","volume":"12","author":"D'Hooghe L.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D'Hooghe L., , Chalmers A.D., , Heywood S., , and Whitley P. 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