{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T22:48:29Z","timestamp":1785883709923,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["DNA and Cell Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The common broad-spectrum protectant fungicide known as Dithianon is utilized in agriculture to manage pests; however, it could pose risks to human health. Dithianon may be associated with health problems due to its affinity for DNA. The interaction between Dithianon and calf thymus DNA (CT-DNA) was examined using UV\u2013Vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, and viscosity measurements with Neutral Red (NR) dye as a spectral probe in a physiological buffer. Dithianon, intercalated in DNA (K [DNA\u2013Dithianon] = 2.3 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\n                    M\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), causes the displacement of the NR dye from the NR\u2013DNA complex. The binding constants (K\n                    <jats:sub>f<\/jats:sub>\n                    ), the number of binding sites (n \u2248 1), and thermodynamic parameters of the interaction of DNA\u2013Dithianon were determined using the fluorescence quenching method at various temperatures. Dithianon\u2019s ability to intercalate in DNA base pairs was further supported by the variations in CT-DNA base stacking observed in circular dichroic spectrum measurements and the rise in viscosity of the CT-DNA solution. The interaction energy between Dithianon and the DNA was primarily due to hydrophobic Van der Waals interactions. This study offers a comprehensive understanding of how dithianon interacts with CT-DNA, providing insights into the toxic effects of the fungicide.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2024.0158","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T05:26:29Z","timestamp":1751433989000},"page":"421-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Study of the Damaging Effects of the Fungicide Dithianon on DNA Structure by Spectroscopic Techniques"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6823-3914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvaneh","family":"Pakravan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Za.C., Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, 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