{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T12:04:48Z","timestamp":1788609888758,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,1]],"date-time":"2016-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1462060800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Endourology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Several anatomic and clinical factors have been implicated in the failure rates of shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), including the attenuating effects of bony structures. We designed an\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model that incorporates the lumbar spine, including vertebral bodies and transverse processes along the pathway of shockwaves, to mimic the clinical scenario during SWL of upper ureteral stones. We hypothesized that the presence of bone structures in the SWL pathway significantly affects the fragmentation rate.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An ordnance gelatin (OG) model was conceptualized and created to allow a pig's lumbar spine to be embedded within it. Artificial urinary calculi weighing 2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.1\u2009g (1.2-cm diameter) were prepared using BegoStone plaster. The trial was divided into two arms: group 1 models had OG only and served as the control and group 2 models had the bone embedded in the gelatin with stone wells placed above the transverse processes. Twenty-four stones per group were subjected to SWL using the STORZ MODULITH SLX-F2 lithotripter, using the same treatment parameters. Fragments were sieved through 2- and 4-mm filters, and the fragmentation coefficients (FC) were calculated. The Mann\u2013Whitney test was used to compare FC between the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean fragmentation rate of group 1 was statistically significantly higher compared with group 2 using a 4-mm sieve (43%\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.62%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and the 2-mm filter (18%\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">vs<\/jats:italic>\n                      0.52%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The presence of bone structures dramatically reduces the fragmentation rate of phantom stones using an OG\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      model. The OG model is inexpensive and simple to use to simulate clinical situations during SWL.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2015.0641","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,1,6]],"date-time":"2016-01-06T05:42:23Z","timestamp":1452058943000},"page":"544-549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Assessing the Magnitude of Effect of Bone Structures on Shockwave Lithotripsy Fragmentation: Results from an\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Daniel","family":"Olvera-Posada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Ontario","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Husain","family":"Alenezi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Ontario","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Tailly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Ontario","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marie","family":"Dion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Ontario","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John D.","family":"Denstedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Ontario","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Razvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Western Ontario","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2005.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2009.0394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000055608.92069.3a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2009.06.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00365590310022626"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5527\/wjn.v4.i2.230"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)64826-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-1591.117283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-014-1369-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781444345148"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2012.0493"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.09.107"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2012.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-010-0329-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2010.0242"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000433-198809000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22203\/eCM.v013a01"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.139.2.5751"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1121\/1.1501905"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.1990.4.301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2007.0186"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65064-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2006.06.089"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.03.109"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-012-0485-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","first-page":"130","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in prone and supine positions for patients with upper ureteral calculi","volume":"3","author":"Zomorrodi A","year":"2006","unstructured":"Zomorrodi A, , Elahian A, , Ghorbani N, et al. Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in prone and supine positions for patients with upper ureteral calculi. 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