{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:44:30Z","timestamp":1790786670245,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Endourology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine gas bubbles generated by two laser lithotripsy devices, a pulsed thulium solid-state laser and a holmium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho:YAG) device, and their possible effects in lithotripsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated two Dornier laser devices, a Medilas H Solvo 35 and a pulsed solid-state thulium laser evaluation model (Dornier MedTech Laser GmbH, Wessling, Germany). Our setup consisted of a water-filled glass tank heated to 37\/60\/70\u00b0C. Different laser power\/frequency settings and short\/long pulses were examined for both laser devices. We analyzed the impact of degraded, cut, and broken fibers on gas bubble anatomy. Furthermore, high-speed recordings of BegoStone ablation were analyzed. For all recordings, we used a Photron Nova S12 camera.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These two devices produced differently shaped gas bubbles under different fiber conditions, temperatures, power settings, and short and long pulse settings, which explain the differing repulsive force and pressure values. Inside the gas bubble, a cone was visible whose angle correlates with the protruding jet. We observed turbulences and swirls moving back and forth the fiber tip. During fragmentation, sparks are generated that demonstrate the photothermal effect, and we recorded stone fragments being pulled toward the fiber. Both devices showed comparable results with differences mainly due to pulse lengths.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The shapes of the vapor bubbles formed during laser lithotripsy depend on several factors. Excessive transoperative fiber cleavage seems to be unnecessary. Due to the large gas bubbles observed and because of the amount of potential pressure generated, only low energies should be applied in the ureter.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2020.0526","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,19]],"date-time":"2020-11-19T01:17:42Z","timestamp":1605748662000},"page":"1051-1057","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gas Bubble Anatomy During Laser Lithotripsy: An Experimental\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Study of a Pulsed Solid-State Tm:YAG and Ho:YAG Device"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Ralf","family":"Petzold","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Suarez-Ibarrola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arkadiusz","family":"Miernik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg - Medical Centre, Freiburg, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2589-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2018.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2016.0209"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3368998"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang JJ Rajabhandharaks D Xuan JR Chia RW Hasenberg T. Characterization of calculus migration during ho: YAG laser lithotripsy by high speed camera using suspended pendulum method. In: Choi B (ed) Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics X: International Society for Optics and Photonics. San Francisco CA: SPIE 2014 p. 89261I.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2037888"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3470092"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1786297"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-017-2202-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/089277901750161737"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20376"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.1998.12.371"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Talati J, Tiselius HG, Albala D, YE Z (eds) Urolithiasis. Springer, London","author":"Teichman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Teichman. JM, Qiu J, Kang W, Chan KF, Milner TE. Laser Lithotripsy Physics. In: Talati J, Tiselius HG, Albala D, YE Z (eds) Urolithiasis. Springer, London, 2012, pp. 313\u2013325."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2017.0050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22348"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/end.2018.0572"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blackmon RL Case JR Trammell SR Irby PB Fried NM . Fiber optic suctioning of urinary stone phantoms during laser lithotripsy. In: Mandelis A (ed) Photonic Therapeutics and Diagnostics IX : International Society for Optics and Photonics . San Francisco CA: SPIE 2013 p. 856518.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.2000535"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Asshauer T Delacretaz G Jansen ED Welch A Frenz M. Acoustic transients in pulsed holmium laser ablation: effects of pulse duration. Laser interaction with Hard and Soft Tissue II: International Society for Optics and Photonics. Lille France: SPIE 1995.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.199189"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9101(1996)18:3<278::AID-LSM10>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.18.2.028001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2011.10.147"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","unstructured":"Hardy LA. Improving Thulium Fiber Laser Lithotripsy Efficiency. 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