{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:37:36Z","timestamp":1777642656855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,1]],"date-time":"2011-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1293840000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Food- or waterborne diseases in long-term care facilities (LTCF) can result in serious outcomes, including deaths, and they are potentially preventable. We analyzed data collected by OzFoodNet on food- and waterborne disease outbreaks occurring in LTCF in Australia from 2001 to 2008. We compared outbreaks by the number of persons affected, etiology, and implicated vehicle. During 8 years of surveillance, 5.9% (55\/936) of all food- and waterborne outbreaks in Australia occurred in LTCF. These LTCF outbreaks affected a total of 909 people, with 66 hospitalized and 23 deaths. The annual incidence of food- or waterborne outbreaks was 1.9 (95% confidence intervals 1.0\u20133.7) per 1000 facilities.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    caused 17 outbreaks,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    14 outbreaks,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    8 outbreaks, and norovirus 1 outbreak. Residents were at higher risk of death during outbreaks of salmonellosis than for all other outbreaks combined (relative risk 7.8, 95% confidence intervals 1.8\u201333.8). Of 15 outbreaks of unknown etiology, 11 were suspected to be due to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    intoxication. Food vehicles were only identified in 27% (14\/52) of outbreaks, with six outbreak investigations implicating pureed foods. Dishes containing raw eggs were implicated as the cause of four outbreaks. Three outbreaks of suspected waterborne disease were attributed to rainwater collected from facility roofs. To prevent disease outbreaks, facilities need to improve handling of pureed foods, avoid feeding residents raw or undercooked eggs, and ensure that rainwater tanks have a scheduled maintenance and disinfection program.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2010.0648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,10,30]],"date-time":"2010-10-30T12:04:37Z","timestamp":1288440277000},"page":"133-139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Food- and Waterborne Disease Outbreaks in Australian Long-Term Care Facilities, 2001\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Martyn D.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Australian National University","place":["Australia"]},{"name":"Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Lalor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Prevention and Control Unit","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Raupach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Branch","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Combs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Disease Control Directorate","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communicable Diseases Branch","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gillian V.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Australian National University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Niels","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Australian National University","place":["Australia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Guidance on the Use of Rainwater Tanks","author":"Anon.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anon. Guidance on the Use of Rainwater Tanks. Canberra: EnHealth Council, 2004a."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","volume-title":"The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines","author":"Anon.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Anon. The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines. Canberra: NH&MRC, 2004b."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"151","volume-title":"Residential Aged Care in Australia 2007\u201308: A Statistical Overview. Aged Care Statistics Series No. 28","author":"Anon.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anon. Residential Aged Care in Australia 2007\u201308: A Statistical Overview. Aged Care Statistics Series No. 28. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health & Welfare, 2009; 151."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268806006224"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dale K Kirk MD et al. Reported waterborne outbreaks in Australia are predominantly associated with recreational water. 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Surveillance for outbreaks of gastroenteritis in long-term care facilities Australia 2002\u20138. Clin Infect Dis 2010a(in press).","DOI":"10.1086\/656406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/649878"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03470150077034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks\u2014United States, 1998\u20132002","volume":"55","author":"Lynch M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lynch M, , Painter J et al. Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks\u2014United States, 1998\u20132002. 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