{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T19:05:44Z","timestamp":1788894344752,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]],"date-time":"2013-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1364774400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fresh salsa and guacamole often contain diced raw produce, are often made in large batches, and are often poorly refrigerated, which may make them prone to contamination that can cause foodborne illness. The safety of salsa and guacamole is increasingly important as these foods gain popularity. Since 1973, local, state, and territorial health departments have voluntarily reported foodborne disease outbreaks to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System (FDOSS) using a standard reporting form. FDOSS used paper-based reporting for 1973\u20131997 and switched to electronic reporting for 1998\u20132008. We reviewed all reports of outbreaks during 1973\u20132008 in which salsa or guacamole was reported as a vehicle. We found 136 outbreaks in which salsa or guacamole was reported as a possible vehicle, which resulted in 5,658 illnesses. Of these 136 salsa- or guacamole-associated (SGA) outbreaks additional possible food vehicles were reported for 33 (24%) outbreaks. There were no SGA outbreaks reported before 1984. Among reported outbreaks, most were caused by norovirus (24%), nontyphoidal\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (19%), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    (7%). Eighty-four percent of outbreaks were caused by foods prepared in restaurants or delis; of these, 19% reported ill foodworkers, and 29% reported improper storage as possible contributing factors. Among all foodborne disease outbreaks with a reported food vehicle during 1984\u20131997, 26 (0.9%) of 2,966 outbreaks were SGA, and during 1998\u20132008, 110 (1.4%) of 7,738 outbreaks were SGA. The number of reported foodborne disease outbreaks attributable to salsa or guacamole increased in the United States from 1984 to 2008, especially in later years, and especially in restaurants. Fresh salsa and guacamole require careful preparation and storage. Focused prevention strategies should reduce the risk of illness and ensure that these foods are enjoyed safely.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2012.1328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T13:59:22Z","timestamp":1362491962000},"page":"316-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Emergence of Salsa and Guacamole as Frequent Vehicles of Foodborne Disease Outbreaks in the United States, 1973\u20132008"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Magdalena E.","family":"Kendall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajal K.","family":"Mody","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara E.","family":"Mahon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael P.","family":"Doyle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Georgia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen M.","family":"Herman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert V.","family":"Tauxe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-12-200206180-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-1605(91)90059-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1005741"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2010.02297.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/319254"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Guide to confirming a diagnosis in foodborne disease. 2006. www.cdc.gov\/outbreaknet\/references_resources\/guide_confirming_diagnosis.html. 2012 March 13."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"929","article-title":"Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections associated with multiple raw produce items\u2014United States, 2008","volume":"57","author":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2008","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Outbreak of Salmonella serotype Saintpaul infections associated with multiple raw produce items\u2014United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2008; 57:929\u2013934.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","first-page":"1197","article-title":"Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks\u2014United States, 2008","volume":"60","author":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2011","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for Foodborne Disease Outbreaks\u2014United States, 2008. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2011; 60:1197\u20131202.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","unstructured":"[FDA] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Guidance for industry: Guide to minimize microbial food safety hazards for fresh fruits and vegetables. 1998. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation\/GuidanceDocuments\/ProduceandPlanProducts\/ucm064574.htm#v. 2012 January 31."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"[FDA] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Food Code 2009. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Public Health Service. 2009. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/FoodSafety\/RetailFoodProtection\/FoodCode\/FoodCode2009\/. 2013 February 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","unstructured":"[FDA] U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Raw Produce: Selecting and Serving it Safely. 2012. http:\/\/www.fda.gov\/Food\/ResourcesForYou\/Consumers\/ucm114299. 2013 February 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x-73_6_1116"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","first-page":"204","article-title":"Mexican food safety trends: Examining the CDC data in the United States from 1990 to 2006","volume":"29","author":"Franco W","year":"2009","unstructured":"Franco W, , Simonne AH. Mexican food safety trends: Examining the CDC data in the United States from 1990 to 2006. Food Protection Trends, 2009; 29:204\u2013210.","journal-title":"Food Protection Trends"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880700859X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1810.120833"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-72.8.1692"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks\u2014United States, 1998\u20132002","volume":"55","author":"Lynch M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lynch M, , Painter J, , Woodruff R, , Braden C. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Surveillance for foodborne-disease outbreaks\u2014United States, 1998\u20132002. 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Washington DC: Agricultural Marketing Service USDA 2009. http:\/\/www.ams.usda.gov\/AMSv1.0\/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5079908. 2013 February 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2003.01995.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-66.6.911"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(03)00250-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","unstructured":"Weise E. CDC: Fresh salsa guacamole linked to foodborne illnesses. 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