{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:26:06Z","timestamp":1777641966827,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]],"date-time":"2015-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium avium<\/jats:italic>\n                    subsp.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">paratuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (MAP) is the established causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants, and it has also been speculated to be a putative etiological agent of several human autoimmune diseases. It is acknowledged that dairy products deriving from infected animals play a role (could be vehicles) in exposing humans to MAP. MAP could stimulate the human immune system by means of their complex antigen (in the case of lipids, multivalent antigens) and may modulate it, acting as adjuvant molecules such as Freund's complete adjuvant. The immune system might be abnormally stimulated by the constant presence of MAP antigens (for example, in the dairy products), and this might be particularly relevant in genetically predisposed individuals. However, there is limited understanding about the current human exposure to MAP. The present study analyzed the antibody recognition profile of MAP lipophilic antigens in a cohort of 126 healthy Japanese. We measured the serum levels of total immunoglobulin G (IgG) and subclasses targeting MAP surface antigens through ethanol vortex indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (EVELISA) by using serum absorbed with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium phlei<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Elevated IgG (especially IgG1 and IgG4) responses were observed in 14% of the sera. To assess the specificity of EVELISA, the same samples were analyzed by means of a commercially available Johnelisa II kit. It was noteworthy that a high degree of correlation was observed when comparing the two methodologies (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub>\n                    =0.7,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.0001). Moreover, in order to investigate the specificity of the binding, inhibition assay experiments were carried out also searching for antibodies against\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin<\/jats:italic>\n                    antigens, but no cross-reaction was observed. The result obtained represents the first evidence implying that the Japanese population is exposed to MAP, and additionally the existence of a foodborne chain of exposure that transmits MAP antigens to humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2015.1956","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,12]],"date-time":"2015-08-12T14:57:35Z","timestamp":1439391455000},"page":"851-856","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Seroprevalence of IgG1 and IgG4 Class Antibodies Against\n                    <i>Mycobacterium avium<\/i>\n                    subsp.\n                    <i>paratuberculosis<\/i>\n                    in Japanese Population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Shigeru","family":"Otsubo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangenjaya Hospital","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Cossu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sassari","place":["Italy"]},{"name":"Tohto College of Health Sciences (TCHS)","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shigetoshi","family":"Eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Tennessee"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuriko","family":"Otsubo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sangenjaya Hospital","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonardo Antonio","family":"Sechi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Sassari","place":["Italy"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tsuyoshi","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohto College of Health Sciences (TCHS)","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumiko","family":"Iwao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohto College of Health Sciences (TCHS)","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shizuo","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azabu University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Kuribayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Azabu University","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eiichi","family":"Momotani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tohto College of Health Sciences (TCHS)","place":["Japan"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00915-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.153.20.615"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"S9","article-title":"Prevalence and prevention of paratuberculosis in North America","volume":"60","author":"Carter M","year":"2012","unstructured":"Carter M. Prevalence and prevention of paratuberculosis in North America. Jpn J Vet Res, 2012; 60:S9\u2013S18.","journal-title":"Jpn J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514557304"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00148-06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2009.0374"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-014-0656-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458513477926"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and milk","volume":"44","author":"Grant IR","year":"2003","unstructured":"Grant IR. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and milk. Acta Vet Scand, 2003; 44:261\u2013266.","journal-title":"Acta Vet Scand"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00535-006-1862-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.33022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Examples and suggestions for the control of paratuberculosis in European cattle","volume":"60","author":"Kohl J","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kohl J, , Baumgarter W. Examples and suggestions for the control of paratuberculosis in European cattle. Jpn J Vet Res, 2012; 60:S1\u2013S7.","journal-title":"Jpn J Vet Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097621"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0063371"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","first-page":"S19","article-title":"Epidemiological situation and control strategies for paratuberculosis in Japan","volume":"60","author":"Momotani E","year":"2012","unstructured":"Momotani E. Epidemiological situation and control strategies for paratuberculosis in Japan. 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