{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T01:49:14Z","timestamp":1789868954955,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC \u03b2-lactamase-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    are no longer restricted to the health care system, but represent increased risks related to environmental integrity and food safety. Fresh produce has been increasingly reported to constitute a reservoir of multidrug-resistant (MDR) potential human pathogenic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    . This study aimed to detect, identify, and characterize the antimicrobial resistance of ESBL\/AmpC-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from fresh vegetables at point of sale. Vegetable samples (spinach, tomatoes, lettuce, cucumber, and green beans;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009545) were purchased from retailers in Gauteng, the most densely populated province in South Africa. These included street vendors, trolley vendors, farmers' market stalls, and supermarket chain stores. Selective enrichment, plating onto chromogenic media, and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) confirmation of isolate identities showed that 17.4% (95\/545) vegetable samples analyzed were contaminated with presumptive ESBL\/AmpC-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Dominant species identified included\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacter cloacae<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacter asburiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Klebsiella pneumoniae.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Phenotypic antibiotic resistance analysis showed that 96.1% of 77 selected isolates were MDR, while resistance to aminoglycoside (94.8%), chloramphenicol (85.7%), and tetracycline (53.2%) antibiotic classes was most prevalent. Positive phenotypic analysis for ESBL production was shown in 61 (79.2%) of the 77 isolates, and AmpC production in 41.6% of the isolates. PCR and sequencing confirmed the presence of \u03b2-lactamase genes in 75.3% isolates from all vegetable types analyzed, mainly in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Serratia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. isolates. CTX-M group 9 (32.8%) was the dominant ESBL type, while EBC (24.1%) was the most prevalent plasmidic type AmpC \u03b2-lactamase. Our findings document for the first time the presence of MDR ESBL\/AmpC-producing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Enterobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    in raw vegetables sold at selected retailers in Gauteng Province, South Africa.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,2,20]],"date-time":"2019-02-20T15:37:22Z","timestamp":1550677042000},"page":"421-427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Occurrence, Identification, and Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Extended-Spectrum and AmpC \u03b2-Lactamase-Producing\n                    <i>Enterobacteriaceae<\/i>\n                    from Fresh Vegetables Retailed in Gauteng Province, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Loandi","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika M.","family":"Du Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stacey","family":"Duvenage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Korsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4292417"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Enterobacteriaceae and their significance to the food industry","author":"Baylis C","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baylis C, , Uyttendaele M, , Joosten H, , Davies A, , Heinz HJ. The Enterobacteriaceae and their significance to the food industry. ILSI Europe Report Series, 2011; 1\u201348.","journal-title":"ILSI Europe Report Series"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.7264"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2013.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"CLSI. Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. 28th ed. CLSI Supplement M100. Wayne PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute 2018. Available at: www.clsi.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries. A profile of the South African cucumber market value chain. South Africa: DAFF 2012a:1\u201329."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries. A profile of the South African tomato market value chain. South Africa: DAFF 2012b:1\u201334."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries. A profile of the South African lettuce market value chain. South Africa: DAFF 2016:1\u201331."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00564.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"EUCAST. EUCAST guidelines for detection of resistance mechanisms and specific resistance of clinical and\/or epidemiological importance. 2013:1\u201343. DOI: 10.7150\/ijbs.13498.","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.13498"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","first-page":"25","article-title":"Perspectives in medicinal chemistry antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st Century","volume":"6","author":"Fair RJ","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fair RJ, , Tor Y. Perspectives in medicinal chemistry antibiotics and bacterial resistance in the 21st Century. 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